Figure 1.
Map of Brazil showing the geographical location of the populations considered in the present study.
Figure 2.
MDS plot of the FST pairwise genetic distances between the studied populations.
(SI: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro; MA: Manaus; BE: Belém; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; TE: Terena; MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Espírito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: São Paulo; PR: Paraná; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul.) FST genetic distances were assessed by Arlequin software and the MDS plot was represented using the software STATISTICA.
Figure 3.
Average ancestral membership proportions obtained for the Brazilian testing populations using 46 AIM-Indels.
Estimates were obtained using STRUCTURE, for the following options: k=3; 100,000 burnin steps followed by 100,000 MCMC iterations; Admixture model (“Use population Information to test for migrants”); and allele frequencies were correlated and updated using only individuals with POPFLAG=1.
Figure 4.
Individual ancestry estimates obtained for the HGDP-CEPH reference samples and individuals tested from Brazilian populations using 46 AIM-Indels (AFR: Africa; EUR: Europe; NAM: Native American; SI: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro; MA: Manaus; BE: Belém; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; TE: Terena; MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Espírito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: São Paulo; PR: Paraná; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul).
Ancestry estimates were obtained using STRUCTURE, for the following options: k=3; 100,000 burnin steps followed by 100,000 MCMC iterations; Admixture model (“Use population Information to test for migrants”); and allele frequencies were correlated and updated using only individuals with POPFLAG=1.
Figure 5.
Comparison of the European, African and Native American ancestry estimates obtained in the present work and in previous studies for the five regions of Brazil.
In the present work, the overall values indicated for each region are a weighted average of ancestry estimates of the population samples studied in that region considering their respective representation among inhabitants. A: Callegari-Jacques et al. [10]; B: Godinho et al. [11]; C: Lins et al. [20]; D: Pena et al. [40]; E: this study.