Figure 1.
Abnormal hippocampal lamination in the Dcx-KO mice.
(A–B) NeuN labeled sagittal sections of adult hippocampus from a control (A) and a Dcx-KO (B) mouse showing a largely normal CA1 region but a disorganized CA3 region. This disorganization is characterized by two distinct pyramidal cell layers (termed stratum pyramidale internal, SPI, and stratum pyramidale external, SPE). (C) Histogram showing the distribution of pixel intensities along the red lines as indicated in A and B, across the CA3 region and extending from the stratum radiatum (sr) towards the stratum oriens (so) from both control (blue) and KO (red) mice. The distribution of these grey values clearly shows a double peak in the KOs corresponding to SPI and SPE respectively, in comparison to a single peak (corresponding to the stratum pyramidal, SP) in the WTs. Scale bar 60 µm.
Figure 2.
Normal spatial learning and memory in the Dcx-KO mice.
During acquisition trials in the Barnes maze, performances of Dcx-KO (n = 7) and WT (n = 8) male mice are expressed as latency (s) to escape the platform and number of errors. During the probe test, spatial strategy is expressed as percentage of time spent at the periphery of the maze, in the target, right, left, and opposite quadrants, as indicated in the schema. Values represent means +/− SEM.
Figure 3.
Normal fear conditioning in the Dcx-KO mice. A/Cued and contextual memory;
percentage of time spent freezing to tone (left) and to context (right) 24h after training in two context-tone-shock pairing trials (n = 8–9 mice per group); B/Contextual memory; percentage of time spent freezing to context 3 h (left) (n = 13 mice per group) and 24 h (right) after training in one context/shock pairing trial (n = 9–16 mice per group); C/Contextual memory; percentage of time spent freezing following a short PSI (30 s: n = 6–8 mice per group; 40 s: n = 19–21 mice per group). Values represent means +/− SEM.
Figure 4.
Normal contingent learning and novelty detection in the Dcx-KO mice. A/Paired-associate learning;
performances of Dcx-KO and WT (n = 4 mice per genotype) male mice trained for five days in the paired-associate learning between two contexts (CX1 and CX2) and three olfactory cues, one baited (+) and two unbaited (−), followed by two days using novel contexts and novel odors. B/Novelty detection; Performances of Dcx-KO male mice expressed as the percentage of time spent exploring the displaced object (left) (n = 15 mice per genotype) or the novel object (right) (n = 10 mice per genotype) three minutes after the last habituation trials. The horizontal line indicates the by-chance exploration time for each of the three objects (33%). Values represent means +/− SEM.
Figure 5.
Abnormal social interaction and reduced aggressive behavior in the Dcx-KO mice. A/Spontaneous social interaction
; Performances of Dcx-KO male mice (n = 7 mice per genotype) expressed as the latency of the first sniff to the genital area or snout, and the total amount of time spent sniffing the genital area or the snout, measured over a 5-min period. B/Resident-Intruder; Performances of Dcx-KO (n = 17) and WT (n = 16) male mice in the resident-intruder test expressed the number of attacks, the total amount of time spent sniffing the snout, and the latency of the first anogenital sniff, and, measured over a 10-min period. Values represent means +/− SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
Figure 6.
Reduced behavioral lateralization in the Dcx-KO mice.
Degree of lateralization in Dcx-KO (n = 70) and WT (n = 66) male mice. A/Distribution for the |R–L| variable that takes even values from 0 to 50; B/Distributions for the three classes of highly (H) lateralized mice (|R–L| ≥46), ambidextrous (L) mice (|R–L| ≤30), and intermediate (M) mice scoring between 32–44.