Figure 1.
External casts of the mummy MNHN QU 17279, and the separate forelimb MNHN QU 17280.
The mummy QU 17279 is shown in left lateral (A), dorsal (B), and anterior (C) views. The forelimb QU 17280 is seen in left lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views.
Figure 2.
3D renderings of the whole skeleton of the mummy QU 17279.
The skeleton is visible through the external cast, shown in transparency. These and all 3D models hereafter presented were reconstructed using Avizo v.6.3 (Visualization Sciences Group, Inc.). A, skeleton, uniformly coloured. B, skeleton, with the different regions and bones displayed in different colors. C, separate left forelimb QU 17280.
Figure 3.
Complete articulated skull of the mummy QU 17279.
Shown in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left lateral (C), and posterior (D) views. Each bone or paired bone is identified with a single color for easy delimitation. Anatomical abbreviations: cr. par, crista parotica; exp. r. spheth, exposed rhomboid area of sphenethmoid; f. jug, foramen jugulare; fpar, frontoparietals; lam. al, lamella alaris; max, maxilla; nas, nasal; p. cont, pars contacta; pal, palatine; pmax, premaxilla; pr. plat, processus posterolateralis; prom. d. sc. post, prominentia ducti semicircularis posterioris; psph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; r. par, ramus paroticus; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; st, stapes; t. so, tectum supraorbitale; vom, vomer.
Figure 4.
Some of the new elements provided by the skull of the mummy QU 17279.
A, right premaxilla in anterior view. B–C, left vomer in ventral and dorsal views. D, frontoparietals in ventral view. E, lower jaw in dorsal view. F, right prooticooccipital and stapes in ventral view. G, thyrohyal ossifications of the posteromedial processes of the hyoid (in anatomical position). Anatomical abbreviations: an, angular; cor. pr, coronoid process; den, dentary; f. c. ant, facies cerebralis anterior; f. c. post, facies cerebrales posteriores; mm, mentomeckelian bones; med. pr, medial process; lat. pr, lateral process; p. dent, pars dentalis; pr. al, processus alaris; pr. ant, processus anterior; pr. ch. ant, processus choanalis anterior; pr. ch. post, processus choanalis posterior; prootoc, prooticooccipital; st, stapes; t, teeth; vom. t, vomerine teeth.
Figure 5.
Articulated diplasiocoelous vertebral column of the mummy QU 17279, with the exception of the urostyle.
A, dorsal view. B, right lateral view. C, ventral view, with transparency. B and C show a procoelous vertebra (in red) and the amphicoelous last presacral (in yellow). Anatomical abbreviations: ant. ct, anterior cotyle; bic. cent, biconcave centrum; n. arc, neural arches; n. s, neural spine; post. cd, posterior condyle; prsac, presacral; sac. vt, sacral vertebra; trans. p, transverse process; za, zygapophyses.
Figure 6.
Some elements of the vertebral column of the mummy QU 17279.
A, atlas in anterior view. B–C, sacral vertebra in anterior and posterior views. D–E, urostyle lacking the posterior part, in left lateral and anterior views. Anatomical abbreviations, as in Figure 5, and: ant. cd, anterior condyle; cv. ct, cervical cotyle; n. cr, neural crest; sac. ap, sacral apophysis.
Figure 7.
Appendicular skeleton of the mummy QU 17279 and bones of the forelimb QU 17280.
The pectoral girdle is illustrated in posterolateral view (A), sternum in ventral view (B), and omosternum in dorsal view (C). The pelvic girdle is represented by the anterior portion of the shaft of the left ilium (D). QU 17280 comprises the distal portion of the left humerus in ventral view (E), the left radioulna in posterior view (F), and the left manus in dorsal view (G). Anatomical abbreviations: c, carpal; cd, condyle; clt, cleithrum; clv, clavicle, crc, coracoid, cub. fos, cubital fossa; d. cr, dorsal crest; p. acr, pars acromialis; p. gl, pars glenoidalis; r, radiale; ra, radius; ra. ecd, radial epicondyle; sc, scapula; ssc. ar, suprascapula articulation; u, ulnare; ul, ulna; ul. ecd, ulnar epicondyle; v. cr, ventral crest.
Figure 8.
Majority-rule consensus of the 136 211 most parsimonious (MP) trees (709 steps).
More trees must exist but the heuristic search had to be interrupted because of memory limitations. The consensus tree is split into two parts (A and B) for reading convenience. Costata [18] is equivalent to the classical Discoglossidae. Extinct taxa are identified by the symbol †. Numbers at nodes indicate relative clade frequency, rounded off at the second decimal, among these MP trees. These trees were found by PAUP and TNT, their length was compared in Mesquite [36], in which the consensus tree was also computed. See Materials and Methods for more information.