Figure 1.
The samples were hung on the cords which were horizontally attached on fixed supports in the room. The position of the curtains was lowered during the drying time to avoid direct sunlight.
Figure 2.
Samples for outdoor drying with UV light.
The samples were hung on cords which were tied around the circumference of a circular plate. The True-Light lamp was fixed at the center. In this way the distance between all nets and the light was equal.
Table 1.
Active ingredient content in LN after the washing cycles according to the number of washes.
Table 2.
Summary of statistic tests of the effect of washing on LN (One way ANOVA).
Table 3.
Estimated insecticide retention per wash.
Figure 3.
Percentage of residual insecticide on nets.
A. The Interceptor® nets lose active ingredient after each wash, independent of the type of washing or drying. Only around 29% of the baseline concentration of alpha-cypermethrin stayed on the nets after 20 washes. B. PermaNet®2.0 nets lose active ingredient after each wash, independent of the type of washing or drying. Only around 27% of the baseline concentration of deltamethrin stayed on the nets after 20 washes. C. Netprotect® nets lose active ingredient after each wash, independent of the type of washing or drying. The remaining insecticide after 20 washes is about 70% of the baseline concentration.
Table 4.
Comparison of total active ingredient content (in mg/m2) and literature bioassay data.
Figure 4.
Effect of washing on alpha-cypermethrin total content of Interceptor®: exponential curves fitted to the data.
The exponential curve fitting of the data for each of the 3 washing cycles is shown. The concentration of the insecticide on the net as an exponential function of the number of washes is then shown.
Figure 5.
Effect of washing on deltamethrin total content of PermaNet®2.0: logarithmic curves fitted to the data.
The figure shows the logarithmic curve fitting the data for each of the 3 washing cycles performed. The concentration of the insecticide on the net as a logarithmic function of the number of washes is then shown.
Table 5.
Models Summary and Parameter Estimates.
Table 6.
Literature data of laboratory hand washing simulation with “Savon de Marseille” and current study data with “CIPAC washing agent”.
Figure 6.
Influence of washing procedures on alpha-cypermethrin content of Interceptor® nets.
The mean concentration of alpha-cypermethrin on the net (±1 standard deviation) against the number of washes for each washing procedure is shown.
Figure 7.
Influence of washing procedures on deltamethrin content of PermaNet®2.0 nets.
The mean concentration of deltamethrin on the net (±1 standard deviation) against the number of washes for each washes procedure is shown.
Figure 8.
Influence of washing procedures on deltamethrin content of Netprotect® nets.
The mean concentration of deltamethrin onto the net (±1 standard deviation) against the number of washing for each washes procedure is shown.
Table 7.
Summary of statistic test for comparison of laboratory hand washing simulation versus ISO 6330∶2000 machine washing (Model I analysis of variance).
Figure 9.
Mechanic forces illustration during the washing process.
Figure 10.
Comparison of drying processes on alpha-cypermethrin content of Interceptor® nets.
The mean concentration of alpha-cypermethrin on the net (±1 standard deviation) against the number of washes for each drying procedure is shown.
Figure 11.
Comparison of drying processes on deltamethrin content of PermaNet®2.0 nets.
The mean concentration of deltamethrin on the net (±1 standard deviation) against the number of washes for each drying procedure is shown.
Figure 12.
Comparison of drying processes on deltamethrin content of Netprotect® nets.
The mean concentration of deltamethrin onto the net (±1 standard deviation) against the number of washes for each drying procedure is shown.