Table 1.
Stimuli for the baseline and test production blocks.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of subject-level variables.
Table 3.
Predictors used in Models 1 and 2.
Table 4.
Model 1 summary.
Figure 1.
Empirical plots of VOT versus significant predictors in Model 1.
For the utterance-level predictors rate1, rate2, and trial (top row), the line and shading show a linear fit and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to the empirical data, represented by one point per observation (points omitted in the trial plot for legibility). For the word-level predictors consonant (bottom left) and syllables (bottom right), each point and vertical line show the mean and its 95% CI for VOT over all tokens of one word. The error bars for consonant are 95% CIs on the mean of the word-level means; the curve and shading show a quadratic fit to the word-level means and its 95% CIs, corresponding to the coding of syllables (see text).
Table 5.
Model 2 summary.
Figure 2.
Empirical plots of normalized VOT shift versus significant by-subject predictors in Model 2.
Each point and vertical line show the mean and its 95% confidence interval for one subject’s shift across all words. For as (top left), attitude (top right), and o (bottom left), lines and shading show a linear fit and 95% CIs of normalized VOT shift vs. the predictor, across all tokens. For outcome (bottom right), the error bars are 95% CIs on the mean of normalized VOT shift across all tokens.
Table 6.
Relative importance of predictors in Model 2.