Table 1.
P-values for a multigenerational experiment examining effects of imidacloprid concentration and experimental replicate (blocking factor) on M. persicae fecundity under laboratory conditions.
Table 2.
Least-squares means of multigenerational fecunditya following continuous exposure of M. persicae to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.
Figure 1.
Multigenerational effects of low doses of imidacloprid on aphids.
Multigenerational effects of continuous exposure to sublethal concentration of imidacloprid on the (A) longevity and (B) length of adult M. persicae.
Table 3.
Least-squares means of multigenerational fecunditya following two-day exposure of M. persicae to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.
Table 4.
Least-squares means of two-generational fecunditya following topical exposure of M. persicae to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.
Table 5.
Least-squares means of the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) and total number of aphids per plant after 21 days following infestation of M. persicae on to potato plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid in a greenhouse.
Figure 2.
Hormesis model-fitting of low doses of imidacloprid on fecundity and ri of aphids.
Four-parameter biphasic model [32] for reproductive hormetic responses of M. persicae in an initial (A) and second (B) generation when continuously exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on potato leaf discs, and (C) the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) of M. persicae populations developing on whole potato plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. * indicates data were square-root transformed before analysis.
Table 6.
Regression parameters of model-fitting hormetic responses (G0, G1 fecundity and ri) in M. persicae exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.