Figure 1.
Northern analysis of Aspergillus flavus velvet complex mutants.
VeA and LaeA mutants [4] grown in liquid GMM conditions under dark for 48 hours at 250 rpm. Note increase and decrease of niaD expression in the laeA deletion (ΔlaeA TJW71.1) and over-expression (OE::laeA TJW79.13) respectively. ΔveA (TSA1.54) also shows decreased niaD expression. OE::veA = TSA2.46.
Table 1.
Expression of nitrogen metabolism genes in comparisons of wild type to either ΔlaeA or OE::laeA strains.
Figure 2.
Pathogenicity of A. flavus meaB mutants.
(A) Growth of fungal colonies on living peanut cotyledons after 5 days of inoculation. (B) Conidia production on peanut cotyledons after 5 days of inoculation. Asterisk indicates statistical significance at P<0.05. (C) Lipase activity of meaB mutants. Asterisk indicates statistical significance at P<0.0001. (D) Thin layer chromotrography measurements of aflatoxin B1 extracted from seed in Panel A. AF = aflatoxin B1 standard.
Figure 3.
Aflatoxin production on different nitrogen sources.
The indicated strains were grown in GMM lacking nitrogen, standard GMM (70.6 mM sodium nitrate), or GMM with 70.6 mM ammonium chloride for two days as described in Materials and Methods. All media was supplemented with uracil and uridine. 40% of extracted metabolites were loaded onto the TLC plates except in the cases of wild type on GMM with ammonium, as well as OE::laeA on GMM with nitrate and GMM with ammonium. For these three samples, 10% of extracted metabolites were loaded because of the high levels of AF biosynthesis. AF = aflatoxin standard.
Figure 4.
Sclerotia production of meaB mutants.
(A) The strains listed were grown on GMM plus 2% sorbitol to induce sclerotia production. All media was supplemented with uracil and uridine. Asterisks indicate significant differences between each strain relative to the wild type as determined by a Student T test, with * = P<0.01 and ** = P<0.001. (B) One representative plate for each strain is shown here before removal of sclerotia. Despite less coverage on the plate, the OE::laeA sclerotia were of greater mass than the other strains.
Figure 5.
Growth of A. flavus meaB mutants on different nitrogen sources.
Plates containing GMM with no nitrogen, GMM with 10 mM sodium nitrate, GMM with 10 mM ammonium chloride, GMM with 10 mM ammonium chloride plus 30 mM sodium nitrite, GMM with 10 mM ammonium chloride plus 200 mM potassium chlorate, or GMM with 10 mM sodium nitrate plus 100 mM methylammonium chloride were inoculated with the indicated strains of A. flavus and grown for 3 days at 29°C. All media was supplemented with uracil and uridine.
Table 2.
Fungal strains and plasmids used in this study.
Table 3.
Oligonucleotides used in this study.