Figure 1.
A flow chart depicting imaging acquisition, generation of geometrical model, FE simulation and hemodynamic analysis.
Figure 2.
End-to-side SVG obtained from patient CTA, where θ is the graft angle between SVG and coronary artery.
A blunt velocity profile was used in the FE simulation.
Figure 3.
The anastomosis between SVG and coronary artery obtained from patient CTA with: (a) small anastomotic stenosis (area stenosis<20%) and the distribution of (b) time-averaged (over a cardiac cycle) WSS (Unit: Dynes⋅cm−2), (c) OSI and (d) time-averaged flow velocity (Unit: cm/s); (e) mild anastomotic stenosis (40%<area stenosis<60%) and the distribution of (f) time-averaged WSS (Unit: Dynes⋅cm−2), (g) OSI and (h) time-averaged flow velocity (Unit: cm/s).
Figure 4.
The distribution of time-averaged (over a cardiac cycle) WSS (Unit: Dynes⋅cm−2) at the anastomosis between SVG and coronary artery for geometrical models as: (a) and θ = 45° (an idealized case, where
equal to the CSA of proximal artery in Fig. 3e); (b)
and θ = 45° (a simulated decrease of graft CSA); (c)
and θ = 85° (a simulated increase of graft angle); and (d)
and θ = 85° (a simulated decrease of graft CSA as well as a simulated increase of graft angle).
Region A refers to the toe region in coronary artery while Region B is the toe region in venous graft. Region C refers to the heel region. Region D represents coronary artery wall opposite to junction orifice.
Figure 5.
The distribution of OSI at the anastomosis between SVG and coronary artery in correspondence with Fig. 4.
Figure 6.
The distribution of time-averaged (over a cardiac cycle) flow velocity (Unit: cm/s) at the anastomosis between SVG and coronary artery in correspondence with Fig. 4.
Figure 7.
Mean ± SD (a) WSS and (b) OSI in Region A (averaged over all nodes in the region).
Region A has surface area of 2.4, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.32 for and θ = 45°;
and θ = 45°;
and θ = 85°; and
and θ = 85°, respectively.
Figure 8.
(a) Mean ± SD WSSG (Unit: Dynes⋅cm−3) in Region B (averaged over all nodes in the region), (b) Mean ± SD WSSG in Region D (averaged over all nodes in the region).
Region B has surface area of 1.2, 2.8, 3.1, and 2.4 mm2 for and θ = 45°;
and θ = 45°;
and θ = 85°; and
and θ = 85°, respectively. Region D has surface area of 2.4, 3.3, 4.2, and 4.3 mm2, accordingly.