Figure 1.
Diploid versus dikaryotic life cycle.
(A) In most diploid organisms, plasmogamy (1) is immediately followed by karyogamy (2), and the cells contain the two parental genomes fused in the same nucleus throughout the life cycle until meiosis (3) occurs. In dikaryons, however, karyogamy occurs at the end of the life cycle immediately before the onset of meiosis. In these cells, the two parental nuclei remain unfused, sharing the same cytoplasm throughout the life cycle. (B) The dikaryotic condition permits not only the generation of monokaryotic (haploid) offspring through meiosis but also to recover the two parental nuclei through protoplasting. All of these types of nuclei are able to establish new monokaryotic mycelia (cell lines).
Table 1.
PCR primers, amplicon length, and amplification efficiency of the laccase and reference genes.
Table 2.
Growth ratea and RBBR decolorization by P. ostreatus strains.
Table 3.
Genetic effect in growth rate.
Figure 2.
Time course of laccase activity.
The evolution of the secreted laccase activity during GSC and LSC cultures of the dikaryons 61×63, 36×69, 93×69, 67×69, their corresponding monokaryotic parental strains (mk61, mk63, mk36, mk69, mk93 and mk67), and the model dikaryotic strain N001. The values represented the mean of three biological repetitions. Standard deviations are presented in Table S2 in File S1.
Table 4.
Genetic effect in enzymatic activities.
Figure 3.
Selection and validation of the reference genes for qPCR analysis.
The gene expression stability ranking was obtained by GeNorm and NormFinder (A), and NormFinder accumulated standard deviations for the increasing number of reference genes (B). The reference genes, their gene ID in the P. ostreatus PC15 v2.0 genome assembly (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/PleosPC15_2/PleosPC15_2.home.html), and their functional annotation were: phos (49987, purine phosphorylase), lip (1052421, lipase), pep (1092697, peptidase S9), cyc (1035989, cyclin-like F-box), actin2 (1114037, actin/actin-like), and cyt-c (1113744, cytochrome c).
Table 5.
Genetic effect in GSC laccase transcriptiona.
Table 6.
Genetic effect in LSC laccase transcriptiona.
Figure 4.
Time course transcriptional profile of lacc genes in GSC.
The transcript levels were expressed as fold changes (FC) compared to the expression on day 0 (A), and in relative quantities (RQ), which was expressed as a percentage (B). Gene expression ratios with standard errors of the mean are shown in Tables S6 to S9 in File S1.
Figure 5.
Time course transcriptional profile of lacc genes in LSC.
Transcript levels were expressed as fold changes (FC) compared to the expression on day 0 (A), and in relative quantities (RQ), which was expressed as a percentage (B). Gene expression ratios with standard errors of the mean are shown in Tables S6 to S9 in File S1.
Figure 6.
Multivariate analysis of expression profiles.
Cluster analysis of genes and samples using a heat map (A), principal component analysis (B) and Kohonen self-organising map (C). Sample loadings of the two principal components are shown in Table S10 in File S1.