Figure 1.
Schematic representation of an agroecosystem and its drivers.
In green: components defining the Production Situation (except for the crop). The injury profile is the output variable of IPSIM, whereas its input variables are included within the three following components: cropping practices, field environment, and physical, chemical and biological (crop, pests, beneficials and harmless living organisms) components of the field. *Not taken into account in IPSIM.
Figure 2.
Overall output attributes of IPSIM: description of an injury profile (screenshot of the DEXi software).
For the sake of simplicity, only 3 pests are represented in this figure. The severity of a given pest is first calculated independently by IPSIM as if no other pest was present. The aggregated severity of a given pest is then calculated by taking into account the combined effects of all other pests. This is done by considering the theoretical effect of one pest on another according to five levels: high facilitation, low facilitation, no effect, low reduction, high reduction.
Table 1.
Generic aggregating table used to represent the effect of one pest on another in IPSIM.
Table 2.
Generic aggregating table used to calculate the overall effect on a given pest caused by all the other pests in an injury profile.
Table 3.
Generic aggregating table used to calculate the severity of one pest in interaction with the other pests of an injury profile.
Figure 3.
Hierarchical sub-tree to predict the severity of a single pest without any interaction with other pests (screenshot of the DEXi software).
Figure 4.
Typology of injuries caused by multiple pests on a crop for given Cropping Practices in a given Production Situation using nine generic Injury Profiles (IP1–IP9).
These Injury Profiles are determined by the final levels of the injuries caused by slightly and highly/moderately endocyclic pests (plant pathogens, weeds and animal pests). They can be used to perform cross-cutting analyses for a wide range of agricultural productions.
Table 4.
Generic aggregating table used to define the level of severity of slightly endocyclic pests in an Injury Profile as a function of the final injury level of single pests.
Table 5.
Equivalence between features of qualitative models developed within the IPSIM framework and quantitative simulation models.
Figure 5.
Example of simulation outputs for wheat obtained for three cropping systems (intensive, integrated and organic) in a given production situation (screenshot of the DEXi software).
Three pests in interaction were taken into account in these simulations: eyespot, sharp eyespot and brown rust.