Figure 1.
Map of the western South America showing the Andes and locations of the 22 Peruvian and Bolivian populations under study.
Population codes are found in Materials and Methods (Sampling section). Yellow circles represent Quechua populations, blue circles represent Aymara, green circles represent Arawak, and red circles represent Uroś populations. A detailed map of the Andean Altiplano region can be seen in Figure S2.
Figure 2.
Median Joining network for Q-M3 STR haplotypes among 22 Peruvian and Bolivian populations.
Different population groups are defined by distinct colors, where Aymara and Quechua communities from the border of the lakes (Titicaca and Poopo) are discriminated. The haplotypes (H#) composed of 15 Y-STRs are represented by circles with sizes proportional to numbers of individuals (H3 = 1, H1 = 13 males), and branch lengths are proportional to STR mutation steps (one repeat unit between H3 and H4). Haplotype names are according to the 15 Y-STRs (Table S2c).
Figure 3.
Non-metric MDS plot generated with PAST for Q-M346* and Q-M3 STR haplotypes among 22 Peruvian and Bolivian populations.
It was used Reynolds’ Rst genetic distances among populations to build a bidimensional graphic with the Past software. Uros: red triangles, Aymara: blue circles, Quechua: yellow squares, and Arawaks: green squares.
Table 1.
AMOVA results for 17 Y-STRs of the Q-M3 and Q-M346* lineages involving 22 Peruvian and Bolivian populations (n = 387).
Figure 4.
Median Joining network of mtDNA control region haplotypes found in 22 Peruvian and Bolivian populations.
Different population groups are defined by distinct colors, where Aymaran and Quechuan communities from the border of the lakes (Titicaca and Poopo) are discriminated. The mtDNA haplotypes (Hp#) are represented by circles with sizes proportional to numbers of individuals (Hp10 = 1 individual), and branch lengths are proportional to nucleotide changes (1 mutation step between Hp1 and Hp3). Clusters of haplotypes into four mtDNA haplogroups (A2, B2, C1, D1) are indicated.
Figure 5.
Non-metric MDS plot generated with PAST for mtDNA control region sequences for all haplogroups among 22 Bolivian and Peruvian populations.
It was used Reynolds’ Φst genetic distances among populations. Uros: red triangles, Aymaras: blue circles, Quechuas: yellow squares, and Arawaks: green squares.
Table 2.
AMOVA results for mtDNA control region sequences on the A2, B2, C1 and D1 haplogroups found among 22 Peruvian and Bolivian populations (n = 388).