Figure 1.
Logo representation of the sequence alignment used for HMMER search.
Residues forming the active site are indicated by black arrows. Conserved residues used to define the conserved region of the RIP domain, as previously described [10], are indicated by red arrows.
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of metazoan RIP genes (red arrows) and their neighbor genes (blue arrows) from Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.
Accession codes for protein sequences and the nucleotide position for the first and the last nucleotide of the ORF are shown below each arrow. Introns are indicated as white boxes. GenBank accession numbers for each WGS sequence are indicated next to the taxon name.
Figure 3.
Sequence analysis of metazoan RIPs.
A. Schematic representation of the metazoan RIP AeI-like sequence. The predicted protein harbors 476 amino acids. The RIP domain region is shown in red. Arrowheads indicate the conserved region used for sequence alignment in B. B. Sequence alignment of the conserved RIP region from metazoan RIPs along with SLT-1 and ricin. Arrowheads indicate those residues predicted to form the active site.
Figure 4.
Schematic representation of the estimated divergence times among the main lineages of life.
Gram positive (G+), Gram negative (G−) and Cyanobacteria (Cy) diverged 2200–3200 Mya. Plant (Pl), Fungi (Fu), Metazoa (Me) separated approximately 1130–1500 Mya, being the lineage leading to plants the first to diverge. [30]–[32]. Circles around the taxon name indicate those lineages where the presence of RIPs genes has been demonstrated.
Figure 5.
Schematic representation of phylogenetic relationships among several plant lineages of rosids, taken from a previous report [41].
Species are indicated with (+) and (−), according to the presence or absence of RIPs genes, respectively. Red lines represent the inferred RIP gene loss events.
Figure 6.
Consensus phylogenetic tree of RIPs based on ML and MB analyses.
Numbers below branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) and numbers above branches are Bootstrap Support (BS) values from the ML analysis. The arrow indicates the node separating Group 1 and Group 2 of RIP genes (see the text for details). A, AB, and AC RIPs are indicated by thick continuous, thin continuous, and dashed lines, respectively. Black circles indicate those RIPs with demonstrated RNA N-glycosidase activity. GenBank accession numbers are shown for each sequence. G+ and G- indicate Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respectively.