Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics in Experiments 1 and 2.
Table 2.
Stimuli characteristics for matched cognate and noncognate words in Experiment 1.
Table 3.
Japanese-English bilinguals’ mean response latencies and error rates for Experiments 1 and 2.
Table 4.
Final model for picture naming: Fixed effects.
Table 5.
Final model for picture naming: Random effects.
Figure 1.
P and S similarity in L2 picture naming.
For illustration purposes, S and P similarity ratings were divided into two equal groups along the median rating (Low, High).
Figure 2.
P similarity and L2 word frequency in L2 picture naming.
For illustration purposes, P similarity ratings and log-transformed word frequency (taken from BNC [30]) were divided into two equal groups along the median rating (Low, High).
Table 6.
Stimuli characteristics for cognate and noncognate matched groups.
Table 7.
Final model for lexical decision: Fixed effects.
Table 8.
Final model for lexical decision: Random effects.
Table 9.
Final model with concreteness and number of English senses as additional predictors: Fixed effects.
Table 10.
Final model with concreteness and number of English senses as additional predictors: Random effects.