Figure 1.
Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungal crude extracts against each test microorganism.
SA, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; EC, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; PA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; CA1, Candida albicans ATCC 90028; CA2, C. albicans NCPF 3153; CN1, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 (flucytosine-sensitive); CN2, C. neoformans ATCC 90113 (flucytosine-resistant); MG, Microsporum gypseum clinical isolate; PM, Penicillium marneffei clinical isolate.
Figure 2.
Scanning electron micrographs of test microorganisms with strongly active crude extracts.
Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 (A–E), Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90113 (F), Candida albicans NCPF 3153 (G–I) and a clinical isolate of Microsporum gypseum (K–L) after incubation with 10% DMSO (A, G and J), amphotericin B (B and H), miconazole (K), hexane extract from the mycelia of Penicillium sp. PSU-ES43 (C), hexane extract from the mycelia of PSU-ES190 (D), ethyl acetate extract from the mycelia of Fusarium sp. PSU-ES73 (E and F), ethyl acetate extract from the mycelia of Trichoderma sp. PSU-ES38 (I), and hexane extract from the mycelia of Hypocreales sp. PSU-ES26 (L) for 16 h at 4 times their MIC values.
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of strongly active endophytic fungi.
The number of each branch point represents percentage bootstrap support from Maximum Parsimony (MP BS) and Neighbour Joining (NJ BS) with 100 replications shown on the branch. MP BS values ≥50% are shown before the slash; NJ BS values ≥50% are shown after the slash. Length; 37 steps; consistency index (CI); 0.8108; retention index (RI); 0.9391; homoplasy index (HI); 0.1892; rescaled consistency index (RC); 0.7615.