Figure 1.
Replicability of maximum likelihood trees.
Left, phylogenetic tree from [1] using 21 populations and 54 bp reads Right, phylogenetic tree from the current study using 25 populations and 80 bp reads. Branches leading to W. mitchellii and W. vanduzeei are abbreviated to clarify presentation. Color code indicates region of geographic origin. Numbers show nodal support as aLRT-SH scores. Two-letter abbreviations identify each state or province. Where two or more sites come from the same state or province, they are identified by number. Latitudes, longitudes, altitudes, and acronyms connecting the specific localities with earlier studies from this lab are provided in Table S1. The scale bars indicate substitutions per site.
Figure 2.
Replicability of maximum parsimony trees.
Left, phylogenetic tree from [1] using 21 populations and 54 bp reads. Right, phylogenetic tree from the current study using 25 populations and 80 bp reads. Colors and abbreviations as in Figure 1. Nodal values show bootstrap support >50%.
Figure 3.
Maximum parsimony with bootstrap support for the combined 46 populations.
The tree is based on 54>50% support. Color codes are the same as in Figures 1–2. There are two major monophyletic groupings: one consisting of populations along the Gulf and North Carolina Coasts, the other consisting of all more northern and mountain populations. The mainland Maryland population (MD2) shares a most recent common ancestor with all more northern and mountain populations. Phylogenetic results generally follow latitude except for the mountain populations (NCmt, PA). There are six well supported clades (bootstrap>70) that include two or more populations: Gulf Coast (MS, AL, FL: black), North Carolina Coast (NC: red), North Carolina mountains (NCmt: green), Pocono Mountains (PA: brown), northeast (ME, NS, NL: blue), and northwest (WI2–3, wON, MB, SK: purple). The North Carolina mountain populations (NCmt) split into two clades: one in the Savannah River drainage leading to the Atlantic Ocean (NCmt1–2), the other in the Tennessee River drainage (NCmt3–5) leading to the Gulf of Mexico.
Figure 4.
Phylogeography of Wyeomyia smithii based on the combined 46-population tree (Fig. 3), on historical biogeography, and on the timing of glacial events.
Arrows indicate directions of range expansion based on Figure 3. Maximum extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at the last glacial maximum is plotted as a dotted line [6]. Two-letter abbreviations identify each state or province. Color codes are the same as in Figures 1–3. Map symbols represented by a triangle show mountain populations in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina (green) or in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania (brown). The filled orange symbol with the star indicates the mainland Maryland population (MD2). Numbers associated with each node or branch tip represent maximum parsimony bootstrap support for that clade. There are no support numbers for the QC, eON and neWI or the NJ, MA, and Eastern Shore MD populations (open circles) because they do not constitute a monophyletic grouping. e, eastern Ontario (ON1); w, western Ontario (ON2).