Figure 1.
Published PBA symptom prevalence estimates by primary neurological condition.
Shading indicates multiple estimates. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CNS-LS, Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; PBA, pseudobulbar affect; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PRISM, PBA Registry Series; TBI, traumatic brain injury. aPatient interview; bCNS-LS ≥13 (higher estimate), CNS-LS ≥21, lower estimate; c Poeck criteria: pathological affect could be mood congruent (emotional lability) or incongruent (pathological laughing and crying); dRetrospective review of hospital or clinic records; eMailed questionnaire; fEmotional lability questionnaire (ELQ); gAscertainment method unknown; hPatient interview, Poeck criteria; iBrief questionnaire (uncontrollable laughing/crying when not happy/sad); jCNS-LS ≥13 (highest estimate), CNS-LS ≥17 (middle estimate), Cummings Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder criteria (lowest estimate); kCNS-LS ≥17 (lower estimate), CNS-LS ≥13 (higher estimate); lPathological Laughing and Crying Scale (PLACS) ≥10 and score of ≥2 on PLACS items 2 (frequency), 13 (loss of voluntary control), and 18 (distress/embarrassment); mPatient interview House (lower estimate), and Kim (higher estimate) criteria; nPatient interview House criteria; oPatient interview Kim criteria; pPatient interview Kim criteria (lower estimate; n = 516) and modified Kim criteria (patient report only without corroboration from relatives; higher estimate); qPatient interview Kim criteria at hospital admission (lower estimate) and at 3 months (higher estimate) following stroke.
Figure 2.
Sample interim PRISM registry report available to activated sites.
CNS-LS, Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale; PRISM, PBA Registry Series.
Table 1.
PRISM patient data.
Figure 3.
PBA symptom prevalence by CNS-LS threshold.
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CNS-LS, Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; PBA, pseudobulbar affect; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PRISM, PBA Registry Series; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
Figure 4.
Impact of neurological condition on quality of life by CNS-LS threshold.
*P<0.0001 compared with CNS-LS <13; two-sample t-test. CNS-LS, Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale. Note: Group with CNS-LS ≥21 is a subset of the group with CNS-LS ≥13.
Figure 5.
Psychotropic medication use by CNS-LS threshold.
*P<0.0001 compared with CNS-LS <13; chi-square test. CNS-LS, Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant(s). Note: Group with CNS-LS ≥21 is a subset of the group with CNS-LS ≥13.