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Figure 1.

Experimental Protocol.

[La]: plasma lactate concentrations; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction; EMG: electromyographic activity; VO2: oxygen uptake; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; HR: heart rate; PPO: power output; Paer: aerobic mechanical power output; Pan: anaerobic mechanical power output.

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Figure 1 Expand

Figure 2.

Time to complete the 4-km cycling TT for control (CON), low carbohydrate availability with placebo ingestion (DEP-PLA) and low carbohydrate availability with caffeine ingestion (DEP-CAF).

*Moderate effect of DEP-PLA compared to CON and DEP-CAF (ES = 0.65 and 0.94, respectively). #Small effect of DEP-CAF compared to CON (ES = 0.45). Data are expressed as mean (•) and individual (○) values.

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Figure 2 Expand

Figure 3.

Mean and SD for work total (Wtot), total aerobic (Waer) and anaerobic work (Wan) during the 4-km cycling TT for control (CON), low carbohydrate availability with placebo ingestion (DEP-PLA) and low carbohydrate availability with caffeine ingestion (DEP-CAF).

*Moderate effect of DEP-PLA compared to CON (ES = 0.93). §Small and moderate effect of DEP-CAF compared to CON and DEP-PLA (ES = 0.53 and 1.18, respectively). †Small effect of DEP-PLA compared to CON (ES = 0.40). #Moderate and large effects of DEP-CAF compared to CON and DEP-PLA (ES = 0.96 and 1.33, respectively).

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Figure 3 Expand

Table 1.

Mean and SD for Power output (PO), aerobic mechanical power output (Paer), anaerobic mechanical power output (Pan), oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and integrated electromyography (iEMG) for each 1-km.

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Table 1 Expand

Figure 4.

Mean and SD for power output (upper), anaerobic (middle) and aerobic (lower) mechanic power for each 200 m during the 4-km cycling TT for control (CON), low carbohydrate availability with placebo ingestion (DEP-PLA) and low carbohydrate availability with caffeine ingestion (DEP-CAF).

*Significantly different between DEP-CAF and DEP-PLA (P<0.05); #Significantly different between CON and DEP-PLA (P<0.05); †Significantly different between DEP-CAF and CON (P<0.05).

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Figure 4 Expand

Table 2.

Mean and SD for rating of perceived exertion (RPE), integrated electromyography (iEMG), average oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) during the 4-km cycling TT.

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

Mean and SD for lactate concentration at rest, and pre and post the 4-km cycling TT.

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Table 3 Expand