Figure 1.
National levels and trends in usual main commute modes across the English and Welsh censuses 1971–2011.
Data tabulated in Table S1 in File S2, along with subcategories of motorised modes and 95% confidence intervals. Confidence intervals are not presented here as they are too narrow to be visible.
Table 1.
Modal share of usual main commute modes among commuters in the 2011 English and Welsh censuses, and change since 2011.
Figure 2.
Regional levels and trends in walking and cycling to work, 2001 and 2011 census.
The left panels present the proportion of commuters using a) cycling (top half) and b) walking (bottom half) as their usual main commute mode, in England and Wales in 2011. The right panels present the change in these modal shares (2011 minus 2001). Local authorities are the units of analysis, but averages are presented for each region. See Figure S1 in File S2 for equivalent maps for public transport and private motorised transport, and File S3 for all 2001 and 2011 modal shares tabulated by local authority.
Figure 3.
Associations between small-area deprivation and levels and trends in commute mode, 2001 and 2011 censuses.
The left panel presents associations with main commute mode in 2011 (England and Wales combined), the right panel presents associations with change in usual main commure mode (2011 minus 2001). Analyses are from eight separate multi-level linear regression models, adjusting for three measures of geographical remoteness and using Lower Super Output Areas as the unit of analysis (population around 1500). Deprivation is measured in country-specific twentieths.
Figure 4.
Association between cycle modal share in each local authority and the within-local-authority relationship between affluence and cycle commuting.
The x-axis presents the cycle modal share in each local authority in the 2011 census (England and Wales combined). The y-axis presents regression coefficients capturing the percentage increase in commute modal share within that local authority (2011 minus 2001) for each percentile increase in affluence, adjusting for three measures of geographical remoteness. These regression analyses were conducted for each local authority separately (N = 346), using Lower Super Output Areas as the unit of analysis (population around 1500). Two very small local authorities (N<5000 commuters) were excluded.
Figure 5.
Associations between commute modal share and total modal share, National Travel Surveys 2002–2010.
These panels present raw associations between commute modal share (based on usual main commute mode) and modal share of total travel time in 150 non-overlapping populations. These populations were defined by region, year band and income fifth, using data from the National Travel Surveys 2002–2010.