Figure 1.
Maps showing sampling locations.
Inset: A map of India showing the position of the Western Ghats. Panel A is an outline of the Western Ghats, showing the altitudinal gradient. A scale shows the altitudes represented by the different shades of green. The largest break in the mountain chain, the 40 km long Palghat Gap, is also shown. Panel B shows sampling locations for Mycalesis patnia. Panel C is the outline of the Western Ghats south of the Palghat Gap, showing sampling locations for Heteropsis oculus. The three shola complexes sampled in this study are indicated with dashed ellipses. (ANA – Anamalai complex; MEGH – Meghamalai complex; and AGA – Agastyamalai complex).
Table 1.
List of selective primers used in the AFLP analysis of MP and HO.
Figure 2.
sPCA plots for the Anamalai population of Heteropsis oculus.
Panel A shows the populations created for the population based analyses. Panel B is a representation of the first axis sPCA scores. The graph denotes the scores using squares; colour of the squares denotes positive (black) or negative (white) spatial autocorrelation, and the size of the squares denotes the magnitude of genetic variance. The squares are overlaid on a connection graph that represents the sampling design. If there was genetic differentiation between populations, squares of similar colour will clump together in one population. The individuals from Kodaikanal (denoted with a circle, named KODAI) are well differentiated from the other individuals in the Anamalais.
Figure 3.
sPCA plots for Heteropsis oculus.
Panel A shows the populations created for the population based analyses. Panel B is a representation of the first axis sPCA scores. The graph denotes the scores using squares; colour of the squares denotes positive (black) or negative (white) spatial autocorrelation, and the size of the squares denotes the magnitude of genetic variance. The squares are overlaid on a connection graph that represents the sampling design. If there was genetic differentiation between populations, squares of similar colour will clump together in one population. There is some clumping in the Anamalai population (shown in a circle), which is further explored in the next figure. Inset: photograph of H. oculus. Credit: Balakrishnan Valappil.
Figure 4.
sPCA plots for Mycalesis patnia.
Panel A shows the populations created for the population based analyses. Panel B is a representation of the first axis sPCA scores. The graph denotes the scores using squares; colour of the squares denotes positive (black) or negative (white) spatial autocorrelation, and the size of the squares denotes the magnitude of genetic variance. The squares are overlaid on a connection graph that represents the sampling design. If there was genetic differentiation between populations, squares of similar colour will clump together in one population. This is clearly not the case for M. patnia. Inset: photograph of M. patnia. Credit: Krushnamegh Kunte.
Table 2.
Genetic diversity in the MP, HO and HO-ANA datasets.
Table 3.
Genetic differentiation matrices among populations in a) MP b) HO and c) HO-ANA datasets.
Table 4.
Comparison of population genetic analyses performed for MP and HO datasets.