Figure 1.
Location of the study sites, Fraser and North Stradbroke Island, in Eastern Australia (a) and positions of focal observations (purple circles) on vehicle-bird interactions on the open-coast beaches of North Stradbroke (b) and Fraser Island (c).
Figure 2.
Comparison between buses and cars in terms of the intensity of disturbance-related behaviours shown by birds and the distances separating vehicles from birds for terns and oystercatchers.
Figure 3.
Logistic regressions modelling the probability of flushing (i.e. the probability of birds escaping vehicles by taking flight) of terns (a and b) and oystercatchers (c and d) in relation to distance between birds and cars (left column), and birds and buses (right column).
Solid lines connect predicted probabilities at observed distances; dotted lines are 95% confidence limits of model predictions, and crosses are observed flight responses.
Figure 4.
Effects of separation distance and vehicle speed on flush rate in crested terns during experimental encounters with vehicles on open-coast beaches.