Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects with NGT, prediabetes and T2DM.
Figure 1.
Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis of the similarity of microbiota (OTUs) between the NGT, Pre-DM, and T2DM groups.
Data for NGT (n = 44), Pre-DM (n = 64) and T2DM (n = 13) subjects were plotted on the first two principal components of the OTU profiles. The first 2 components (contributing 19.5% of variance) were plotted. Lines connect individuals belonging to the same group and colored circles cover individuals near the center of gravity for each cluster (<1.5σ). The top 7 OTUs (labeled with their annotations) for the main contributors to these groups were determined and plotted by their loadings for these 2 components. PCA was performed with R package ‘ade4’. OTU = operational taxonomic unit.
Figure 2.
Alpha diversity of the 3 groups.
The Shannon index (left panel) and Chao1 index (right panel) were computed for all 121 subjects. The box depicts the interquartile range (IQR) between the first and third quartiles (25th and 75th percentiles, respectively) and the line inside the box denotes the median.
Table 2.
Kruskal-Wallis H tests of associations between glucose intolerance status and microbiota composition (OTUs level).
Table 3.
PERMANOVA tests of associations between clinical parameters and microbiota composition (adjusted for age, gender and BMI).
Figure 3.
Co-inertia analysis (CIA) of the relationship between microbiota at the OTU level, clinical parameters, and disease group.
The upper left panel shows the CIA of the clinical parameter principal component analysis (PCA) and the microbiota PCA; arrows indicate where samples in the clinical parameter dataset are relative to the microbiota dataset. Red lines represent the NGT group, green lines the Pre-DM group, and blue lines the T2DM group. The upper right panel shows clinical parameter loading data; the lower panel displays the associated microbiota at the OTU level (labeled with their annotations). Only OTUs present in at least 1% of the samples were used in the analysis. CIA was performed with R package ‘ade4’. OTU = operational taxonomic unit.
Figure 4.
Correlations between the fasting insulin (FINS) concentration (mIU/L) and microbiota diversity.
The dashed line was derived from a simple regression model (P-value for the model was 0.034; R = −0.22).
Table 4.
T2DM markers in the studya.