Figure 1.
Schematic representation of sequences of stimulus presentation during each condition in one block of the NPU-threat test.
The upper part of the figure represents a complete block, including two P (predictable), two U (unpredictable) and three N (no shock) conditions (order UNPNPNU as shown or PNUNUNP). The lower part shows each condition, including cues (8-s duration), startle probes presented during cues (grey arrow pointing up) or during cue-free periods (dark arrow pointing up), and shocks. Adapted from reference 31.
Figure 2.
Startle response during NPU (raw scores).
Startle magnitudes (raw scores) in the controls and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) during the habituation procedures and during the no shock (N), predictable shock (P), and unpredictable shock (U) condition in the threat procedures. Error bars are SEM.
Figure 3.
Startle response during NPU (T scores).
Startle magnitudes (T scores) in the controls and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) during the habituation and threat procedures. Error bars are SEM.
Table 1.
Correlation (probability) between illness duration, trait anxiety, and BDI, and startle reactivity in the MDD patients.
Table 2.
Mean (sem) Retrospective subjective ratings of fear and anxiety.