Figure 1.
Flow diagram of study selection.
Table 1.
Summary of studies evaluating the association of chewing betel quid with metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality.
Figure 2.
Association of chewing betel quid with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
Forest plots show the association between chewing betel quid and the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes. CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk.
Figure 3.
Association of chewing betel quid with cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and hypertension.
Forest plots show the association between chewing betel quid and the risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and hypertension. CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk.