Table 1.
List of the studied species (with number of individuals in brackets), together with biological information and ranks for metal concentrations in mandibles and in ovipositors.
Figure 1.
Occurrence of metals in the mandibles of the studied species, mapped on a phylogenetic tree derived from recent literature and unpublished data (see Methods).
Species for which mandibles were not studied have their name in grey. * Zn and Cu are present in the sexual form, while only Zn is present in the asexual form.
Figure 2.
SEM pictures of the mandibles of some representative species studied.
Note the whiter outer areas of the tooth, which correspond to Zn-enriched areas. A) Andricus burgundus (sex), B) Plagiotrochus quercusilicis (sex), C) Timaspis phoenixopodos, D) Hedickiana levantina, E) Synergus umbraculus, F) Periclistus brandtii, G) Diplolepis rosae, H) Acanthaegilips sp., I) Ganaspis sp. Bar: 50 µm.
Table 2.
Logistic ordinal models (probit, stepwise (forward)) showing the effect of substrate hardness on the metal concentration ranks found in the mandibles and ovipositors of the studied species.
Figure 3.
Occurrence of metals in the ovipositor of the studied species, mapped on a phylogenetic tree derived from recent literature and unpublished data (see Methods).
Species for which the ovipositor was not studied have their name in grey (for A. quercusradicis data were available only for the sexual form). * Mn is present in the sexual form, while no metals were detected in the asexual form.
Figure 4.
SEM pictures of the ovipositor of some representative species studied.
A) Andricus quercusradicis (sex), B) Cynips quercusfolii (asex), C) Diastrophus rubi, D) Xestophanes potentillae, E) Synergus umbraculus, F) Synophrus politus, G) Callaspidia notata, H) Ormyrus nitidulus, I) Ichenumonidae sp. Bar: 50 µm.