Figure 1.
Suppression of aphid population growth rate in Adalia, Chrysoperla and mixed predator treatments across the plant treatments: wheat plus bean (WB), high-density wheat (HW) and low-density wheat (LW).
Bars and boxes denote medians and IQR. Dashed lines extend to minimum and maximum values, open circles denote outliers.
Figure 2.
The observed emergent multi-predator effect on M. dirhodum population suppression by mixed assembages of C. carnea and A. bipunctata in mesocosms containing wheat monoculture, and wheat and bean polyculture.
Values >0 indicate higher prey suppression than expected, <0 indicate lower prey suppression than expected. Error bars denote ± one standard error of the mean.
Figure 3.
Total foraging time (%) allocated: (a) by predators to the aphid-infested wheat plant under different predator treatments; and (b) to the aphid-free plant in the different plant identity treatments. Predator treatments are labelled: AA - two Adalia individuals; CC - two Chrysoperla individuals; and AC - one Adalia plus one Chrysoperla individual.
Bars and boxes denote medians and IQR. Dashed lines extend to minimum and maximum values, open circles denote outliers.
Figure 4.
Time allocation of individual predators to: (a) the aphid-infested plant; and (b) to the aphid-free plant, in wheat (open squares) and wheat plus bean (filled circles) treatments.
A denotes Adalia, C denotes Chrysoperla, AA dom and CC dom denote the dominant individual in the two-individual Adalia and two-individual Chrysoperla treatments respectively, whereas AA sub and CC sub denote the sub-dominant individual in these treatments. Error bars denote ± one standard error of the mean.