Figure 1.
Dose response of unpollinated tomato ovaries to CPPU and ZT treatment (10 µl per ovary).
(A) Fruit set percentage and fruit fresh weight (FW) in response to CPPU and ZT. (B) Transverse sections of fruits treated with CPPU. CPPU and ZT were applied at anthesis. Fruits were collected 20 days after CPPU and ZT application. Values of fruit set percentage and fruit weight are means of three replicates with 10 ovaries as a replicate (±SD). Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 2.
Response of unpollinated tomato ovaries to CPPU and GA3 treatment (10 µl/ovary; Concentration of CPPU 100 mg L-1 and GA3 200 mg L-1).
(A) Response of fruit FW to GA3, CPPU or GA3 plus CPPU. (B) Response of fruit pericarp thickness to GA3, CPPU or GA3 plus CPPU. (C) Transverse sections of fruit treated with GA3, CPPU or GA3 plus CPPU. CPPU and ZT were applied at anthesis. (D) Microscopic analysis of the pericarp in 20 DAA fruits. UP, unpollinated; P, pollinated. Fruits were collected 20 days after CPPU and/or GA3 application. Values are means of three replicates with 10 ovaries as a replicate (±SD). Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 3.
Changes in the concentration of active GA (GA1+3) (ng g-1 FW) in the CPPU-induced and pollinated fruits.
All the ovaries and fruits were collected at 5, 10, 20 DAA, and applied with CPPU (10 µl/ovary, concentration of CPPU 100 mg L-1). UP, unpollinated; P, pollinated. All experiments were performed with three biological replicates and two technical replicates. Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 4.
Ovary growth as influenced by pollination, CPPU, GA3 and PAC treatment.
CPPU and GA3 were applied at anthesis. UP, unpollinated; P, pollinated. Ovaries were collected 20 days after hormone application. Values are means of three replicates with 10 ovaries as a replicate (±SD). Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test. Figures in brackets indicate the numbers of fruits developed when less than ten.
Figure 5.
Transcript level of genes encoding enzymes of GA biosynthesis pathway as influenced by pollination and CPPU treatment.
(A) SlGPS, SlCPS, SlGA3ox1 and SlGA3ox2 genes. (B) SlGA20ox1, SlGA20ox2, SlGA20ox3 and SlGA20ox4 genes. UP, unpollinated; P, pollinated. CPPU (10 µl/ovary, concentration of CPPU 100 mg L-1) was applied at the anthesis. Equivalent to anthesis was set as 0 d. All experiments were performed with three biological replicates and two technical replicates. Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 6.
Transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes of GAs catabolism in unpollinated, pollinated and CPPU-induced parthenocarpic fruits.
CPPU (10 µl/ovary, concentration of CPPU 100 mg L-1) was applied at the anthesis. UP, unpollinated; P, pollinated. Equivalent to anthesis was set as 0 d. All experiments were performed with three biological replicates and two technical replicates. Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 7.
Transcript levels of genes encoding GA receptor and responsive genes in unpollinated, pollinated and CPPU-induced parthenocarpic fruits.
CPPU (10 µl/ovary, concentration of CPPU 100 mg L-1) was applied at the anthesis. UP, unpollinated; P, pollinated. Equivalent to anthesis was set as 0 d. All experiments were performed with three biological replicates and two technical replicates. Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 8.
Changes in IAA concentration (A) and transcript levels of ToFZY (B) as influenced by pollination and CPPU treatment in the ovaries.
CPPU (10 µl/ovary, concentration of CPPU 100 mg L-1) was applied at the anthesis. UP, unpollinated, P, pollinated. Equivalent to anthesis was set as 0 d. All experiments were performed with three biological replicates and two technical replicates. Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments are indicated by different letters according to Tukey’s test.