Figure 1.
Panel A: protected areas (110,232 km2; brown), timber concessions (105,945 km2; light green), and industrial oil palm plantation concessions (115,500 km2; pink) in 2010 for Kalimantan (532,100 km2), and the spatial distribution of the 3,391 forest plots (100 ha each; black boxes). Panel B: remaining forest in 2010 (dark green), deforestation from 2000–2010 (red), main roads (black lines), realized oil palm plantations in 2000 (purple), urban areas (yellow) and palm oil mills (black dots).
Table 1.
Kalimantan-wide losses in forest cover from 2000–2010.
Figure 2.
Map showing the change of land use status of area allocated for natural timber harvesting and protected areas during 2000–2010 in Kalimantan.
Area allocated for natural timber harvesting in 2000 and 2010 (light green); Protected area in 2000 and 2010 (dark green); Area allocated for natural timber harvesting in 2000 reclassified to industrial plantation concessions in 2010 (red); Area allocated for natural timber harvesting in 2000 reclassified to protected area in 2010 (orange); Protected area in 2000 reclassified to industrial plantation concessions in 2010 (yellow).
Table 2.
Summary of balance of the control variables before and after matching for Protected Area (PA) and natural forest Timber Concession (TC) plots.
Table 3.
Summary of balance of the control variables before and after matching for natural forest Timber Concession (TC) and Oil Palm Concession (OPC) plots.
Figure 3.
Histogram distribution of propensity scores before and after matching between timber concessions and protected areas (left panel); and between timber and oil palm concessions (right panel).
Figure 4.
The spatial distribution of the 575 pairs for the natural forest timber concession (purple) versus protected area (green) analysis (left panel).
The spatial distribution of the 194 pairs for the natural forest timber concession (grey) versus oil palm concessions (orange) analysis (right panel).
Table 4.
Comparison of mean differences in deforestation (2000–2010) before and after matching.