Figure 1.
Localities for Early Cretaceous fossil anurans from Western Liaoning, China described in this paper.
The location of the Beipiao-Yixian area is indicated on the small-scale map (modified from Zhou et al., 2003[1]) by a black arrow. Each locality is indicated by a star on the large-scale map.
Figure 2.
Stratigraphic distribution of Jehol anurans described in this paper.
Based on stratigraphic scheme in Chang et al. (2003) [14]. 1, basalt and andesite with volcanic breccia (lava); 2, conglomerate with volcanic breccia; 3, sandstone and conglomerate; 4, tuffaceous sandstone and tuff; 5, shale and tuff.
Table 1.
List of anuran specimens examined in this paper (arranged according to geological age).
Figure 3.
Liaobatrachus grabaui Ji and Ji, 1998.
A1, skeleton of the holotype, GMV2126. A2, enlargement of the left radioulna, carpals and hand. The carpals are arranged in three rows: a proximal one containing the radiale and ulnare, a middle one containing distal carpal V and element Y, and a distal one containing distal carpals II–IV. There is one prepollex element situated medial to element Y (indicated by arrow). B1, skeleton of the referred specimen IVPP V11525. B2, enlargement of part of the skull. The long postchoanal process of the vomer is marked by a white arrow, and the short, free zygomatic ramus of the squamosal by a black arrow. C1, skeleton of the referred specimen MV 77. C2, enlargement of the premaxilla and the anterior end of the maxilla. The arrow marks the bifurcated anterior end of the maxilla. C3, enlargement of the vertebral column. There are 10 presacrals and the last one is partially fused with the sacrum, a condition that probably represents a developmental anomaly. D, ilium of the referred specimen CYH 004. The round acetabulum is marked by an arrow.
Figure 4.
Liaobatrachus beipiaoensis (Gao and Wang, 2001) comb. nov.
A1, skeleton of the holotype, LPM 0030. A2, skull of the holotype as preserved on the missing counterpart slab. B1, skeleton of the referred specimen DNM D2167. B2, photograph and line drawing of the hand of the specimen DNM D2167. The carpals are arranged in three rows and there are two prepollex elements (the larger, distally positioned one is marked by an arrow). C1, skeleton of the referred specimen IVPP V12717. C2, enlargement of presacral IV. The two arrows indicate the concave anterior and posterior surfaces of the amphicoelous centrum. C3, ilium of IVPP V12717. The acetabulum (marked by an arrow) is more or less rounded. Abbreviations: pp, prepollex; Y, element Y.
Figure 5.
Liaobatrachus macilentus (Gao and Chen, 2004) comb.
nov. A, skeleton of the holotype, ZMNH M8621. B1, skeleton of the referred specimen IVPP V12510. B2, line drawing of the skull, with an arrow indicating the vomerine tooth row. B3, enlargement of the pelvis. The acetabulum is pointed anteriorly, and marked by a white arrow. The urostyle possesses one pair of transverse processes, which are indicated by a red arrow. Abbreviations: cl, clavicle; fp, frontoparietal; psh, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; vo, vomer.
Figure 6.
A, the holotype, IVPP V14979.1. B, the paratype specimen IVPP V14979.2. C, the paratype specimen IVPP V13239. D, the paratype specimen IVPP V14203.
Figure 7.
A, restoration of the skeleton of L. zhaoi in dorsal view. As shown, the left pectoral girdle includes the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid when the cleithrum and the ribs of presacrals II–IV have been removed. B, restoration of the skull of L. zhaoi in ventral view. C, pelvic girdle of the referred specimen IVPP V13245. D, skull of the paratype specimen IVPP V13239 in dorsal view. The blue arrow marks the bifurcated anterior end of the maxilla, the red arrow marks the prominent facial process of the maxilla, and the white arrow marks the free zygomatic ramus of the squamosal. E, enlargement of the anterior portion of the paratype specimen IVPP V14203 in ventral view. The red arrow points to the dentigerous portion of the vomer, which bears one row of teeth. The yellow arrow marks the interglenoidal sinus between the pars acromialis and pars glenoidalis. The blue arrows show the concave surfaces of the amphicoelous presacral centra.
Figure 8.
Phylogenetic placement of Liaobatrachus among archaeobatrachian frogs.
The tree is the strict consensus of 661 most parsimonious trees (TL = 186, CI = 0.5753, RI = 0.6985). The data matrix used in the analysis is in Table S1. Major phylogenetic groups shown on the tree include (A) Anura and (B) Lalagobatrachia. * indicates fossil taxa.
Table 2.
Original names, holotypes, and revised names of anuran taxa from the Jehol Formation.