Table 1.
Reference strains used for confirmation of the ARDM content.
Table 2.
Clinical isolates from Egyptian hospitals.
Figure 1.
ARDM content allocations for genes conferring resistance to different classes of antimicrobial compounds.
Two hundred thirty-nine different resistance determinants are represented by probes on each sub-array.
Figure 2.
Electrochemical signals from MDR reference strain, A. baumannii BAA-1710 (A) and antibiotic sensitive reference strain, A. baumannii 17978 (B).
Each data point represents one probe; data are sorted according to alleles represented by each probe. In each panel, the horizontal dotted line indicates the “probe threshold” used to determine whether probes were considered positive (mean of lowest 95% probes+3 SD). For panel A, peaks correspond to the following alleles: a: tet(G) [9/9 probes positive]; b: cat4 [5/7 probes positive]; c: dfrA1 [9/9 probes positive]; d: catA1 [6/8 probes positive]; e: arr-3 [8/8 probes positive]; f: aph6/str(B) [8/10 probes positive], aph3″/str(A) [10/10 probes positive], aadA1b [10/10 probes positive], aadB [10/10 probes positive]; g: qacEΔ1 [10/10 probes positive]; h: aadA2 [2/9 probes positive - allele deemed negative], aadA1 [7/7 probes positive]; i: blaVEB [9/9 probes positive]; j: blaOXA-10 [7/7 probes positive]; k: dfrA10 [8/10 probes positive]; l: blaPSE-1/CARB [2/10 probes positive – allele deemed negative]; m: aacC1 [9/9 probes positive], aphA1 [10/10 probes positive]; n: ant(2′)-Ia [10/10 probes positive]; o: sulI [10/10 probes positive]; p: tet(A) [9/9 probes positive]. For panel B, the sulII allele (peak indicated) was deemed positive with 7/7 probes positive; other alleles had one or two positive probes, but were deemed negative.
Figure 3.
Receiver operating characteristic curves for reference strain data.
Specificity and sensitivity data for commercial DNA preparations of sequenced strains (six strains; phenol-chloroform-extracted) are indicated in black. Analogous data for DNA preparations extracted in our laboratories are presented in gray (four strains).
Table 3.
ARDM analysis of reference strains.
Table 4.
ARDM v.1, PCR and phenotypic β-lactamase/ESBL profiles of the clinical and reference strains used in this study.
Table 5.
Genetic MDR profiles from clinical isolates, excluding ESBLs.