Figure 1.
Experimental protocol for induction of airway inflammation along with treatment scheme.
Figure 2.
Cytokine production profiles of T cells in the presence of HemoHIM.
(A) Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular IL-4 and IFN-γ staining in CD4+ T cells primed with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 or anti-CD3 plus TDS with the indicated concentration of HemoHIM. (B) CD4+ T cells primed with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 in the absence (normal conditions) or presence of anti-IL-12 plus IL-4 (Th2 conditions) with the indicated concentration of HemoHIM. Data represent one of the three independent experiments.
Figure 3.
Inhibition of airway inflammation by HemoHIM.
C57BL/6 mice orally administered HemoHIM (4 weeks) before being sensitized and challenged with OVA. In these mice, airway inflammation was induced as described in Materials and Methods. Blood and BALF collected 24 h after the last challenge. (A) Number of eosinophils in BALF and blood, (B) microphotographs of BALF cells stained with Diff-Quik in each group of the airway inflammation mouse model (×200). (C) Following BAL, mouse left lungs were stained with H&E (×200) and PAS (×400). (D) Caspase-1 immunohistochemistry in the lung (×200). Data represent five mice per group. ‘−’ indicate the mean of five mice. Data represent one of the three independent experiments.
Figure 4.
C57BL/6 mice orally administered HemoHIM (4 weeks) before being sensitized and challenged with OVA.
In these mice, airway inflammation was induced as described in Materials and Methods. Blood collected 24 h after the last challenge. Serum samples were assayed for total levels of IgE and OVA-specific IgE (1/5 dilution) by ELISA. Data represent five mice per group. ‘−’ indicate the mean of five mice. Data represent one of the three independent experiments.
Figure 5.
C57BL/6 mice orally administered HemoHIM (4 weeks) before being sensitized and challenged with OVA.
In these mice, airway inflammation was induced as described in Materials and Methods. Blood collected 24 h after the last challenge. Serum samples were assayed for levels of OVA-specific IgG1 (1/10000 dilution) and IgG2a (1/30 dilution) by ELISA. Data represent five mice per group. ‘−’ indicate the mean of five mice. Data represent one of the three independent experiments.
Figure 6.
C57BL/6 mice orally administered HemoHIM (4 weeks) before being sensitized and challenged with OVA.
In these mice, airway inflammation was induced as described in Materials and Methods. BLAF collected 24 h after the last challenge. Concentrations of IL-4 (A), IL-5 (B), and IL-13 (C) in BALF. Data represent five mice per group. ‘−’ indicate the mean of five mice. Data represent one of the three independent experiments.
Table 1.
Decreased Th2 cytokines and increased Th1 cytokines by HemoHIM in mouse spleen cells displaying airway inflammation.