Figure 1.
Sketch of PVN limbic brain regulation.
The arrows show glutamatergic excitatory signals, and blunt end lines indicate GABAergic inhibitory synapses. Medial amygdaline nucleus (MeA), central amygdaline nucleus (MeA), hippocampus (HP), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), medial preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), parvocellular paraventricular nucleus and corticotropin release hormone (CRH); adapted from Jankord and Herman [17].
Figure 2.
Litters dynamic weights in both maternal separated and non-separated groups.
Each point corresponded to the means of ARF and separated subjects: PND 4 (t = 0.81, p = 0.422), PND 6 (t = 0.5711, p = 0.571), PND 8 (t = 1.065, p = 0.292), PND 10 (t = 0.149, p = 0.882), PND 12 (t = 572.5, p = 0.495), PND 14 (t = 578.5, p = 0.42), PND 16 (t = 1.324, p = 0.192), PND 18 (t = 1.128, p = 0.133), PND 20 (t = 0.739, p = 0.464), n = 48.
Table 1.
Anovas for Behavior and Immunohistochemistry.
Figure 3.
Elevated plus maze results according to gender (females = left, males = right) and treatment (AFR = white, MS = black).
(a) Time spent in the open arms: AFR vs. MS females (t = 5.160, p = 0.0001); AFR females vs. AFR males (t = 2.705, p = 0.010); MS females vs. MS males (t = 7.984, p = 0.001). (b) Number of arm entries: MS vs. AFR females (t = 4.856, p = 0.001); AFR vs. MS males (t = 3, p = 0.004); MS females vs. MS males (t = 4.069, p = 0.00). (c) Time spent in the maze center: AFR vs. MS males (t = 3.708, p = 0.001); AFR females vs. males (t = 3.321, p = 0.002). (d) Time spent head dipping: AFR vs. MS females (t = 5.955, p = 0.00); AFR vs. MS males (t = 3.181, p = 0.003); MS females vs. MS males (t = 4.150, p = 0.00). (e) Time spent stretching: AFR vs. MS males (t = 5.082, p = 0.00); MS females vs. MS males (t = 8.181, p = 0.00). a: significant difference was observed between same gender; and b: significant difference between same treatment, p<0.05 in Holm-Sidak test, n = 48.
Figure 4.
Number of stained cells in the amygdala (AM), prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HP), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), preoptic area (POA) according to treatment (AFR = white, MS = black).
(a) Females: PFC (t = 3,759, p = 0,001), HP (t = 5,138, p = 0,000), PVN (t = 7,737, p = 0.00) and POA (t = 7.015, p = 0.00). (b) Males: AM (t = 3,410, p = 0,003), PFC (t = 4,335, p = 0,000), PVN (t = 3,394, p = 0,003).* significant differences p<0.05 in Holm-Sidak test, n = 24.
Figure 5.
Representative image of immunostaining for the GABA A receptor alpha subunit.
The image corresponds to prelimbic area of the medial prefrontal rat cortex (bregma 2.70 mm) immunohistochemistry.