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Figure 1.

Illustration of the prominent peaks of polystyrene beads and bladder cancer cells (MGH-U1).

[a] Standard Raman spectrum of the 1001.4 cm−1 peak of polystyrene [b] Wavelength Modulated (WM) Raman spectrum of the 1001.4 cm−1 peak of polystyrene [c] Standard Raman spectrum of the 1453 cm−1 peak of MGH-U1 [d] WM Raman spectrum of the 1453 cm−1 peak of MGH-U1.

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Figure 1 Expand

Figure 2.

Characteristics of SNR variation with modulation amplitude for polystyrene and MGH-U1.

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Figure 2 Expand

Table 1.

Illustration of the dependence of SNR on the time constant and the sampling rate.

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Table 1 Expand

Figure 3.

Illustration of the typical SNR characteristics.

SNR characteristics, while varying the sampling rate, with progressing total acquisition time with a time constant of 5 s.

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Figure 3 Expand

Figure 4.

Cluster plot for MGH-U1 and SV-HUC 1.

Plot of principal component 1 and principal component 2 of WM Raman spectra of 50 MGH-U1 cells and 50 control SV-HUC 1 cells for a time constant of 5 s, [a] clusters overlapping at a total acquisition time of 10 s, [b] segregated clusters at a total acquisition time of 15 s, [c] segregated clusters at a total acquisition time of 60 s.

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Figure 4 Expand

Figure 5.

PCA of WM Raman spectra of 50 MGH-U1 cells and control SV-HUC 1.

The time constant is 2 s and total acquisition time is 6 s.

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Figure 5 Expand