Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of linguistic and auditory characteristics for (Ms) mental state-,(Em) emotion-, (Ma) mathematics-, (Mo) mouth-, (Ha) hand-, and (Le) leg-related sentences.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of association ratings for (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, (Ma) mathematics-related sentences.
Figure 1.
Bar plot showing median association rating scores for (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, and (Ma) mathematics-related sentences (*p<0.05, **p<0.01).
Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of body-part ratings for (Mo) mouth-, (Ha) hand-, (Le) leg-, (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, (Ma) mathematics-related sentences.
Figure 2.
Bar plots showing median body-part rating scores for: A) (Mo) mouth-, (Ha) hand-, and (Le) leg-related sentences, and B) (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, and (Ma) mathematics-related sentences (*p<0.05, **p<0.01).
Figure 3.
Concreteness, context availability, and familiarity rating scores.
Line graph showing median (CNC) concreteness, (CA) context availability, and (FAM) familiarity rating scores for the six categories of sentences. (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, (Ma) mathematics-, (Mo) mouth-, (Ha) hand-, and (Le) leg-related sentences.
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of CNC (concreteness), CA (context availability), and FAM (familiarity) ratings for (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, (Ma) mathematics-, (Ha) hand-, (Le) leg-, and (Mo) mouth-related sentences.
Figure 4.
Correspondence analysis for concreteness rating scores.
The 210 sentences belonging to the six categories and the 7 Likert points are plotted at their corresponding coordinates. The first and the second factor accounted for the 48.5% and the 19.1% of the total inertia, respectively. Barplots indicate mean coordinates for each factor and category of sentences; error bars indicate standard error means. Action-related (Ha, Mo, Le) sentences are shown in red. Abstract-related sentences are displayed in blue (Ms,Em) and cyan (Ma).
Figure 5.
Correspondence analysis for context availability rating scores.
The 210 sentences belonging to the six categories and the 7 Likert points are plotted at their corresponding coordinates. The first and the second factor accounted for the 37.9% and the 14.8% of the total inertia, respectively. Barplots indicate mean coordinates for each factor and category of sentences; error bars indicate standard error means. Action-related (Ha, Mo, Le) sentences are shown in red. Abstract-related sentences are displayed in blue (Em, Ms) and cyan (Ma).
Figure 6.
Correspondence analysis for familiarity rating scores.
The 210 sentences belonging to the six categories and the 7 Likert points are plotted at their corresponding coordinates. The first and the second factor accounted for the 35.3% and the 16.8% of the total inertia, respectively. Barplots indicate mean coordinates for each factor and category of sentences; error bars indicate standard error means. Action-related (Ha, Mo, Le) sentences are shown in red. Abstract-related sentences are displayed in blue (Ms,Em) and cyan (Ma).
Table 5.
Correlations between (CNC) concreteness and Mouth, Hand, and Leg ratings calculated for (Ms) mental state-, (Em) emotion-, (Ma) mathematics-related sentences (Spearman’s rank-order coefficients (rs ) on median value; *p<0.05; **p<0.01).
Table 6.
Synthetic summary of the main results of the present study.