Figure 1.
Gross morphology of maize D11 mutant.
(A) Phenotype of D11 and wild type (WT). Bar = 20 cm. (B) Whole plant. To get snapshot of internodes arrangement, leaves and spike were removed manually. Bar = 20 cm. (C) Plant height. (D) Internodes. Bar = 5 cm. (E) Internode length. (F) Leaf. Leaves of D11 are slender, dark green, slightly-rolled, and with white margins. Bar = 5 cm. (G) Roots. Aerial roots of D11 display more sturdy. Bar = 5 cm. (H) Spike. Spike of D11 degenerates severely. Bar = 5 cm. (I) Tassel. Bar = 5 cm. (J) Anther. Anthers of D11 are short and thin. Bar = 1 mm. (K) Tassel branch number. (L) Length of central axis of tassel. In figures (C), (E), (K), and (L), data are mean ±SD (n = 30). Double asterisks denote significant difference at P≤0.01 level compared with the wild type by Student's t test.
Figure 2.
Response of maize D11 mutant to GA3 and PAC application.
(A) Seedlings of WT and D11 when treated with a 10−4 M GA3 solution. Bar = 10 cm. (B) The second leaf sheath length of WT and D11 (n = 35) when treated with a 10−4 M GA3 solution. (C) Seedlings of WT and D11 when treated with a 10−4 M PAC solution. Bar = 10 cm. (D) Shoot length of WT and D11 (n = 40) when treated with a 10−4 M PAC solution. In figures (B) and (D), data are mean ±SD. Double asterisks indicate significant difference at P≤0.01 level compared with untreated samples by Student's t test.
Table 1.
Snapshot of five maize dominant dwarf plants.
Figure 3.
GO clustering of up-regulated DEGs.
(A) GO enrichment analysis according to GO catalogue (GO:0008150 biological process). (B) GO enrichment analysis according to GO catalogue (GO:0005575 cellular component).
Figure 4.
DEGs involved in GA biosynthesis and catabolism.
(A) GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathways were briefly diagramed. Transcripts encoding maize GA biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes ZmKAO, ZmGA20ox1, and ZmGA2ox8 are up-regulated in D11. (B) Semi-qRT-PCR validation of elevated transcripts ZmKAO and ZmGA20ox1. The 18S rRNA gene was used as an internal control.