Figure 1.
Spatial distribution heatmaps of yeasts and bacteria in winery environment across harvest.
Plots indicate relative abundance of yeast (left) and bacterial taxa (right) detected by short-amplicon HTS reads across winery surfaces at different stages relative to harvest. Scales on right represent relative abundance scale (maximum 1.0) for each row of plots.
Figure 2.
Seasonal flux in species diversity observed across winery surfaces.s
(A) Absolute abundance of fungi (top, as cells/cm2) and bacteria (bottom, as 16S rRNA gene copies/cm2) detected on select surfaces by QPCR at different stages relative to harvest. Bar plots to right indicate mean (±SD) abundance of all grape elevator (ELEV), crusher (CRUSH), press, and fermentor (FERM) communities before (red), during (blue), and after harvest (orange). *P<0.05, two-sample T-tests. (B) Bacterial phylogenetic diversity (PD), a measurement of net branch-length distance on a single phylogenetic tree that is covered in each sample (left) and bacterial Shannon entropy (right) average (±SD) alpha-diversity scores for grape crush-related equipment (top, N = 42) and floor samples (bottom, N = 90). Two-sample T-test P scores shown for significantly differing categories. (C) Average relative abundance (maximum 1.0) ±SD of select bacterial genera associated with fermentation vessel samples at peak harvest. One-way ANOVA P values (with Bonferroni error correction) shown for significance between each category. P, pre-harvest (N = 14); H, harvest (N = 14); A, post-harvest (N = 14). (D) Jackknifed beta-diversity PCoA plots for crush equipment (left), fermentation vessels (center), and floor surface samples (right) categorized by sampling date. Value in lower-right corner indicates permutational MANOVA P-value between categories, sample size (N) in upper-right corner. UUF, unweighted UniFrac distance; WUF, abundance-weighted UniFrac distance.
Figure 3.
Winery surface species diversity illustrates functional niche selection.
(A) Jackknifed beta-diversity PCoA plots for pre-harvest (top), peak harvest (center), and post-harvest (bottom) samples categorized by surface type. Values in lower-right corners indicate permutational MANOVA P-values between categories, sample size (N) in upper-right corners. WUF, abundance-weighted UniFrac distance. Relative taxonomic distribution of (B) order-level bacterial community abundance and (C) family-level fungal community abundance of all surface type categories. Each column represents average abundance of microbial taxa detected in all samples from each category for all three timepoints.
Figure 4.
Significant between-category differences in abundance of fermentation-related taxa reflects niche selection within winery surface types.
Each column represents average relative abundance (maximum 1.0) ± SD of select microbial taxa detected in all samples from each category for all three timepoints. One-way ANOVA P values (with Bonferroni error correction) shown for significance between each category. PFDR = false discovery rate-corrected P value; Ferm, fermentor sample mean. Only one sample was collected for CO2 tube category and thus not included in statistical calculations.
Figure 5.
Barrel surfaces comprise unique microbial communities.
(A) Average relative abundance (maximum 1.0) ± SD of Shewanella (left) and Pseudomonas (right) detected in all samples from each category for all three timepoints. One-way ANOVA P values (with Bonferroni error correction) shown for significance between each category. (B) Average relative abundance (±SD) of fungal species exhibiting significant differences between exterior (dark grey, N = 5) and interior (light grey, N = 3) barrel surfaces prior to harvest. *P<0.05, two-sample T-test.