Figure 1.
Total proportion of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance producing Streptococcus salivarius in saliva samples in all subjects tested prior to probiotic treatment.
Figure 2.
a. Streptococcus salivarius colony forming units obtained on Mitis Salivarius agar over duration of the study from the saliva of subjects that received differing doses of S. salivarius M18 (error bars denote ±SD).
b. Streptococcus salivarius colony forming units obtained on Mitis Salivarius agar containing streptomycin as also used as a selective marker for the probiotic strain (error bars denote ±SD).
Figure 3.
a. Mean number of S. salivarius M18 detected in saliva samples at different time points receiving different probiotic doses (error bars denote ±SD).
b. Percentage of subjects with S. salivarius M18 detected in saliva samples.
Figure 4.
Each bar represents a single saliva sample and each cluster of bars is a single participant (starting at time 0 and sampled once a week for up to 4 weeks total).
The colored segments represent the relative fraction of each bacterial taxon detected at 1% relative abundance or greater (twenty most predominant OTU shown). Sequences at less than 1% abundance have been included in the ‘‘remainder’’ fraction at the top of the bar (see color legend of bacterial taxa).
Figure 5.
Diversity of the salivary microbiota and if either high or low M18 probiotic persistence had a significant impact. Box plots show weighted UniFrac distances.
Table 1.
Simultaneous antagonism of S. salivarius wild type and modified strains against selected oral bacteria.
Figure 6.
Relative adhesive abilities of Streptococcus salivarius strains to HEp-2 cells with different megaplasmid combinations.
(Error bars denote ±SD, the method of Turkey was used for multiple comparisons (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001) and significance shown where the K12 megaplasmid was inserted into non adherent M18 strain.
Table 2.
The distribution of cspA, cspB, orf 166 and orf 176 in S. salivarius strains having differing adhesion capabilities to HEp-2 cells.
Table 3.
The extent of co-aggregation of S. salivarius to periodontal organisms.