Figure 1.
Sampling sites of Styela clava throughout New Zealand in 2006 (grey) and 2007 (black).
Abbreviations: AB, Awaawaroa Bay; AP, Auckland Port; BW, Bayswater marina; FT, Firth of Thames; GH, Gulf Harbour marina; HM, Half-Moon Bay marina; KA, Kaiaua; MW, Man-of-War Bay; O, Orapiu wharf; OM, Orakei marina; OW, Orakei Wharf; P, Puatiti Point; PB, Putiki Bay; PH, Pine Harbour marina; VD, Viaduct marina; WH, Westhaven marina; Port of Lyttelton (LYT). * Depicts populations sampled within aquaculture farms. Red circles represent locations of new incursions sampled in this study. Modified from Goldstien et al. [35].
Figure 2.
Haplotypic and genotypic data for the new incursions of Styela clava sampled in 2007:
(A) The haplotypes unique to Marsden Cove (M), Opua (O) and Dunedin (D) are shown relative to their relationship with haplotypes recorded in 2006: The six haplotypes shared with data obtained in 2006 (colours match locations in figure 2B); the haplotypes present in locations outside of New Zealand (grey); and those present only in Lyttelton (green). Circles represent haplotypes and the size reflects the frequency of each haplotype within the data set. (B) The distribution and frequency of haplotypes present in the new incursion sampled in 2007 and in the populations sampled by Goldstien et al. (2010) in 2006. The colours are consistent with 2A. Pies represent the frequency of each haplotype within the populations. (C) The proportion of genotypes within the new incursion populations assigned to populations sampled by Goldstien et al. (2010) in 2006. Abbreviations: PAH, Paihia; OPU, Opua; MAR, Marsden Cove; DUD, Dunedin; NEL, Nelson; LYT, Lyttelton; HAU, Hauraki Gulf; AUS, Australia; NTH, North America. 2A & B are modified from Goldstien et al. (2010 and Goldstien et al. (2011).
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for genotypic data sampled from Styela clava populations throughout New Zealand.
Figure 3.
Allele accumulation curves for observed data (green) and the Chao2 index (blue).
Populations represent Hauraki Gulf (a) and Lyttelton Port (b), from 2006 (top graph), 2007 (middle) and years combined (bottom graph).
Table 2.
Allele frequencies for Styela clava populations sampled in 2006 and 2007.
Figure 4.
Proportional assignments of Styela clava individuals sampled from new incursions.
Stacked bars show the proportion of individuals with the highest probability of genetic assignment to known populations in New Zealand (NZ) and overseas. Data sets were analysed separately for year-sampled combinations: 2006 and 2007 separately; combined 2006 and 2007 for all populations sampled (06/07 All pops) and the five populations sampled in 2006 and 2007 (06/07 Shared). Samples from North American and Australia were included in all assignment analyses. Abbreviations: LYT, Lyttelton Port; HAU, Hauraki Gulf; NTH, North America; AUS, Australia. Sample size (n) for each data set is shown.