Table 1.
Fetal facial movements coded, and the association of particular facial movements to the specific facial expression of pain/distress.
Figure 1.
Typical fetuses at 32 weeks gestation.
(a) Showing an example of neutral face, and (b) a “pain/distress” facial expression with complex combinations of facial movements.
Table 2.
Co-occurrence of all facial movements coded across the 15 fetuses by gestational age.
Table 3.
Co-occurrence of all facial movements within a specific gestalt across the 15 fetuses by gestational age.
Table 4.
Parameter estimates of fitted models, showing increasing complexity of facial movements over gestational age.
Figure 2.
Fitted proportions of facial movement co-occurrences making up a “pain/distress” face for a typical fetus.