Figure 1.
Species tested for second moments of area and moments of inertia.
(A) G. gangeticus (gharial) – NHMUK 2005.1605 (specimen used here), (B) M. cataphractus – NHMUK 1924.5.10.1 (specimen used here), (C) A. mississippiensis (American alligator) for reference – Chicago Zoological Society 31321. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 2.
Lateral and ventral views of Baryonyx walkeri (NHMUK VP R9951) through the stages of digital preparation.
(A) The original specimen in left lateral view, (B) the original specimen in ventral view, (C) the digitally prepared original in left lateral view, (D) the digitally prepared original in ventral view, (E) final specimen with teeth removed and alveoli levelled, (F) final specimen with teeth removed and alveoli levelled showing cloned right maxilla. See Video S1 and S2 for more detailed visualisations of the preparation and reconstruction. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 3.
The digital preparation of Spinosaurus indet.
(NHMUK 16665) in lateral and ventral views. The original specimen – lateral view (A), and ventral view (B). The digitally prepared specimen with no matrix – lateral view (C), and ventral view (D). The rostral reconstruction is based on other specimens of Spinosaurus (e.g. [28]) and the B. walkeri rostra - lateral view (E) and ventral view (F). Video S3 and S4 for more detailed visualisations of preparation and reconstruction. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 4.
Simple illustrations of beam theory
. (A) When a load is applied to a beam with one fixed end (a cantilever beam), the effect of the beam is a deflection in the direction of the force. This results in the most extreme tension on one side of the beam, and the most extreme tension on the opposite side. In the middle, there is a point where there is no tension or compression, called the neutral axis. B) Two circular cross sections of equal cortical area (black). Beam theory states the solid tube (hollow circle) will have higher resistance to bending and torsion than the solid circle due to the material being distributed further from any neutral axis.
Figure 5.
Dorsal and lateral views of skulls/reconstructed rostra of the species tested showing slice locations.
(A) A. mississippiensis, (B) G. gangeticus, (C) M. cataphractus, (D) Spinosaurus indet. and (E) B. walkeri. All skulls have had their teeth removed and alveoli leveled. Blue lines indicate first (1) and last (25) slices of the crocodilian study, red lines mark on the spinosaurs (or equivalent for the crocodilians): 1st slice located at the rostral tip; 8th slice located at 18.5% of total rostral length.
Figure 6.
Log of absolute and size-corrected second moments of area and moments of inertia for crocodilians.
(A) log absolute Ix , (B) log size-corrected Ix (C) log absolute Iy , (D) log size-corrected Iy, (E) log absolute J , (F) log size-corrected J. Blue = alligator, red = gharial, black = M. cataphractus. Squares = upper jaw.
Table 1.
Wilcoxon tests for the upper jaw pairings of the crocodilian species for both size-corrected data and residuals.
Figure 7.
Log of absolute and log of size-corrected second moments of area and moments of inertia for crocodilians and spinosaurid rostra.
(A) log absolute Ix , (B) log size-corrected Ix (C) log absolute Iy , (D) log size-corrected Iy, (E) log absolute J , (F) log size-corrected J. Blue = alligator, red = gharial, black = M. cataphractus, green = Spinosaurus, orange = B. walkeri.
Table 2.
Two tailed t-tests and Mann Whitney tests between the spinosaurids and the crocodilian species for both size-corrected data and residuals.