Figure 1.
Evolution of atrial and ventricular variables during a cardiac cycle.
Panel A: left ventricular (dashed line) and left atrial (full line) pressures with specific waves (a, c and v waves) indicated. Panel B: left atrial pressure. Panel C: transmitral flow with specific waves (E and A waves) indicated. Opening (MVO) and closing (MVC) times of the mitral valve are also indicated.
Figure 2.
Sketch of a typical left atrial pressure-volume loop.
This loop consists of two lobes: the a loop and the v loop.
Figure 3.
Interconnection of the models with inputs and outputs of each model.
Table 1.
Model variables.
Table 2.
Values of the model parameters.
Figure 4.
The seven model chambers are represented as circles, joined by flow resistances. Valves (modeled as diodes) are also found at the input and output of each ventricle.
Figure 5.
Indices used to assess the influence of IVCO experiments.
Left atrial pressure is depicted in full line and left ventricular pressure is drawn in dashed line. The indices are: maximum a (point C) and v wave pressure (point F), minimum (point A) and end-diastolic (point E) ventricular pressures, slopes of the a (dotted line BC) and v (dotted line DF) waves and maximum transmitral pressure gradients during early (left double arrow) and late (right double arrow) ventricular filling.
Figure 6.
Evolution of simulated left atrial, left ventricular and aortic pressures during a cardiac cycle.
Solid line: LA pressure, dashed line: LV pressure, white dots: aortic pressure. Opening and closing times of the mitral (MVO and MVC) and aortic valves (AVO and AVC) are also displayed. These events separate the four phases of the cardiac cycle: filling, contraction, ejection and relaxation.
Figure 7.
Simulated left atrial pressure and volume during one cardiac cycle.
Figure 8.
Simulated flow through the mitral valve during one cardiac cycle.
Letters E and A denote the two characteristic waves of the mitral flow.
Figure 9.
Simulated left atrial pressure-volume loop.
This loop is composed of two distinct lobes: the “a” loop and the “v” loop.
Table 3.
Comparison of experimental and simulated measurements before and after IVCO.