Figure 1.
Location of the nine study sites for FID in Europe.
Major climatic zones (subtropical, temperate and continental-subarctic, from darker to lighter shading) are also shown. For latitudes and city names see Table S1.
Figure 2.
Mean (± SE) index of abundance of raptors in relation to latitude.
Data are for paired rural (closed circles, continuous line) and urban (open circles, pointed line) sites. The index of abundance was estimated as the mean number of individuals detected at 25–50 point counts (depending on urban area size) each lasting five minutes. Lines are linear regression lines based on mean values. Symbols have been slightly displaced above (urban) and below (rural) real latitudes to improve clarity.
Figure 3.
Mean FID (m) in relation to latitude for different populations and species of birds.
Data are for paired rural (closed circles, continuous line) and urban (open circles, pointed line) sites. Lines are linear regression lines. Symbols have been slightly displaced above (urban) and below (rural) real latitudes to improve clarity.
Table 1.
Flight initiation distance in relation to latitude, habitat (coded as 0 = rural or 1 = urban) and the interaction between latitude and habitat in European birds, after correcting for phylogenetic relationships among the sampled species by means of phylogenetic generalized least square regression (PGLS) models and for body size effects by mean of sequential (Type I) Sum of Squares (SS).
Table 2.
Flight initiation distance in relation to latitude, habitat (coded as 0 = rural or 1 = urban) and the interaction between latitude and habitat in European birds, after correcting for phylogenetic relationships among the sampled species by means of phylogenetic generalized least square regression (PGLS) models, and for body size and raptor abundance effects by means of sequential (Type I) Sum of Squares (SS).