Figure 1.
Steps for selecting kidney-specific genes.
Tissue-specific genes were determined as follows: i) Gene expression values for each tissue were averaged; ii) The averaged values were divided by an averaged value for kidney; iii) The results were averaged and sorted in ascending order with a lower value representing higher tissue-specific expression. Highly ranked genes with lower values are candidates for kidney-specific genes; iv) An alternative method for finding tissue-specificity is to divide an average gene expression value for kidney by an average of averages of gene expression values in other tissues.
Table 1.
Primer sequences for PCR amplification.
Figure 2.
Expression of adult human and mouse gene transcripts detected by PCR reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis.
Lanes 1–6 contain PCR products from human and lanes 7–12 contain PCR products from mouse. Lanes 1 and 7: kidney, lanes 2 and 8: liver, lanes 3 and 9: lung, lanes 4 and 10: heart, lanes 5 and 11: muscle, and lanes 6 and 12: adipose. Housekeeping genes, human and mouse cyclophilin (cyc), serve as a loading control.
Figure 3.
AMDHD1 (amidohydrolase domain containing 1) mRNA expression.
A, Real-time PCR for AMDHD1 mRNA tissue distribution. Total RNA were isolated from the white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver, muscle, heart, lung, spleen, and kidney of adult mice. The mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) (n = 3). The bar represents mean ± SEM. Statistical significance is indicated by ***(P<0.001). Housekeeping gene cyclophilin (cyc) was used to normalize the mRNA expression. B–E, Analysis of microarray DataSets obtained from the NCBI website, which contains expression profiles for AMDHD1. B: GDS1729 (n = 5 per group), C: GDS1916 (n = 3 per group), D: GDS2577 (n = 3–4 per group), and E: GDS1517 (n = 5 per group). HNF4α: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; dpc: days post conception; aph: after partial hepatectomy.
Figure 4.
PRUNE2 (prune homolog 2) mRNA expression.
A, Real-time PCR for PRUNE2 mRNA tissue distribution. Total RNA were isolated from the white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver, muscle, heart, lung, spleen, and kidney of adult mice. The mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) (n = 3). The bar represents mean ± SEM. Statistical significance is indicated by ***(P<0.001). Housekeeping gene cyclophilin (cyc) was used to normalize the mRNA expression. B–E, Analysis of microarray DataSets obtained from the NCBI website that contains expression profiles for PRUNE2. B: GDS2727 (n = 3 per group), C: GDS2746 (n = 6–8 per group), D: GDS651 (n = 11–15 per group), and E: GDS3673 (n = 5 per group). ERRα: estrogen-related receptor alpha; Lmna: lamin A/C.
Figure 5.
ACVR1C (activin A receptor, type IC) mRNA expression.
A, Real-time PCR for ACVR1C mRNA tissue distribution. Total RNA were isolated from the white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver, muscle, heart, lung, spleen, and kidney of adult mice. The mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) (n = 3). The bar represents mean ± SEM. Statistical significance is indicated by ***(P<0.001). Housekeeping gene cyclophilin (cyc) was used to normalize the mRNA expression. B and C, Analysis of microarray DataSets obtained from the NCBI website containing expression profiles for ACVR1C. B: GDS3135 (n = 4 per group) and C: GDS3665 (n = 5 per group). D–G, Relative expression of DLK1, FABP4, SCD1, and ACVR1C in the stromal-vascular (SV) and fat cell (FC) fractions from mouse inguinal adipose tissue. Each bar indicates mean and SEM (n = 5). Statistical significance by Student’s t test is shown: *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01. The gene expression was normalized to cyclophilin (cyc) mRNA expression. H–J, Developmental regulation of ACVR1C during adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. The bar represents mean ± SEM (n = 3). Letters a and b show significant differences in gene expression among several time-points (day 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) in adipocyte differentiation at P<0.05. The mRNA abundance was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and normalized to cyclophilin (cyc) mRNA.
Table 2.
Human kidney-specific gene expression values.
Table 3.
Mouse kidney-specific gene expression values.
Table 4.
Human liver-specific gene expression values.
Table 5.
Mouse liver-specific gene expression values.
Table 6.
Human lung-specific gene expression values.
Table 7.
Mouse lung-specific gene expression values.
Table 8.
Human heart-specific gene expression values.
Table 9.
Mouse heart-specific gene expression values.
Table 10.
Human muscle-specific gene expression values.
Table 11.
Mouse muscle-specific gene expression values.
Table 12.
Human adipose-specific gene expression values.
Table 13.
Mouse adipose-specific gene expression values.
Table 14.
Kidney-specific expression confirmed by publications and/or semi-quantitative PCR.
Table 15.
Liver-specific expression confirmed by publications and/or semi-quantitative PCR.
Table 16.
Lung-specific expression confirmed by publications and/or semi-quantitative PCR.
Table 17.
Heart-specific expression confirmed by publications and/or semi-quantitative PCR.
Table 18.
Muscle-specific expression confirmed by publications and/or semi-quantitative PCR.
Table 19.
Adipose-specific expression confirmed by publications and/or semi-quantitative PCR.