Figure 1.
Formation of the experimental groups.
Red arrow: period in which dams were fed a high-fat diet. Blue arrows: periods in which standard-chow was administered for dams or offspring. Dotted blue arrows: period of treatment with Bezafibrate. Abbreviations: Standard-chow group (SC); high-fat group (HF); standard-chow group with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat group with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); months old (mo. old); week (w).
Table 1.
Composition and energy content of the HF (based on AIN 93G), SC1 (AIN 93G) and SC2 (AIN 93M) diets.
Table 2.
RT-qPCR primers and respective sequences.
Table 3.
Data from the dam groups.
Figure 2.
Body mass evolution over the treatment period (mean ± S.E.M., n = 10 per group).
In signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak post-hoc test). Values are the. Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ).
Table 4.
Data from the offspring groups.
Table 5.
Liver and white adipose tissue parameters.
Figure 3.
Adipocyte diameter distribution with medians (black bars).
In signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], and with HF [b] (one-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak post-hoc test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ).
Figure 4.
Liver immunoblot corrected by beta-actin expression (mean ± S.E.M., n = 5 per group).
(A) G6Pase expression; (B) PEPCK expression; (C) PPARalpha expression; (D) SREBP-1c expression; (E) PPARgamma expression; (F) representative immunoblot with bands corresponding to the offspring (expressed in arbitrary units. In the signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], and with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Holm-Sidak test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma); glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK); arbitrary units (AU).
Figure 5.
Liver immunoblot corrected by beta-actin expression (mean ± S.E.M., n = 5 per group).
(A) PPARalpha/SREBP-1c ratio; (B) PPARalpha/PPARgamma ratio (expressed in arbitrary units, AU). In the signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], and with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Holm-Sidak test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma); arbitrary units (AU).
Figure 6.
White adipose tissue immunoblot corrected by beta-actin expression (mean ± S.E.M., n = 5 per group).
(A) PPARalpha expression; (B) PPARgamma expression; (C) Adiponectin expression; (D) representative immunoblot with bands corresponding to the offspring (expressed in arbitrary units, AU). In the signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], and with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Holm-Sidak test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma); arbitrary units (AU).
Figure 7.
PPARalpha (A), PPARgamma (B) and SREBP-1c (C) mRNA levels.
Endogenous control TBP (TATA Box binding-protein) was used to normalize the expression of the selected genes. In the signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], and with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Holm-Sidak test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma); Sterol regulating element binding protein (SREBP-1c).
Figure 8.
CPT-1 (A) and FAT/CD36 (B) mRNA levels.
Endogenous control TBP (TATA Box binding-protein) was used to normalize the expression of the selected genes. In the signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], and with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Holm-Sidak test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-1); Fat acid translocase (FAT/CD36).
Figure 9.
PPARalpha/SREBP1-c mRNA ratio (A) and PPARalpha/PPARgamma mRNA ratio (B).
In the signaled cases, P<0.05 when compared with SC [a], with SC/BZ [b], and with HF [c] (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Holm-Sidak test). Abbreviations: Standard-chow for dams and offspring (SC); standard-chow for dams and offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (SC/BZ); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring (HF); high-fat diet for dams and standard-chow for offspring with treatment with Bezafibrate (HF/BZ); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma).