Figure 1.
Map of Gran Chaco region and the focus on Chaco province in Argentina with highlighted Misión Nueva Pompeya where samples were collected.
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic tree with haplogroup frequencies and corresponding typed mutations in Wichí and Criollos.
All Amerindian lineages are derived from M242 marker and were typed by the novel Q multiplex. *Inferred as L with Bayesian approach **Inferred as T with Bayesian approach. The inferences are evaluated by Haplogroup predictor (www.hprg.com/hapest5/).
Figure 3.
Median joining network for the total Wichí and Criollos samples.
Figure 4.
Cluster analysis in Wichí (A) and Criollos (B) based on 17 Y-STRs.
†These clusters include some different haplogroups.
Table 1.
Admixture in Wichí and Criollos populations.
Figure 5.
MDS performed by a Slatkin matrix of distances computed by 12 Y-STRs loci in American and European comparison populations (considering only Wichí and Criollos unrelated samples).
Figure 6.
MDS performed by a Slatkin matrix of distances computed by 17 loci on 13 European populations with European Wichí and Criollos haplotypes.
Table 2.
mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in South America populations available in literature and relative references.
Figure 7.
Mismatch distributions as revealed by the demographic expansion model.
In A and C Wichí estimates are shown, whereas B and D represent the Criollos ones. First row is based on the total sample, the second one on the unrelated samples.
Figure 8.
mtDNA haplogroup frequencies for Wichì and Criollos populations presented for whole sample (A) and only unrelated males (B).
Table 3.
Gene diversity (H) of the two populations presented as total and unrelated samples.
Figure 9.
MDS performed by a Slatkin matrix of distances representing total Wichí and Criollos in comparison to different populations from South America.
Figure 10.
MDS performed by a Slatkin matrix of distances representing unrelated males Wichí and Criollos in comparison to Amerindian populations.
In green and in orange are highlighted Amazonian and Andean populations respectively, while Wichí2 unknown population is white colored.
Figure 11.
Median Joining Networks showing the mtDNA variability among the samples and, in little, the relationships among all Wichí and Criollos mitochondrial haplotypes.
Grey circles represent publicly available sequences (one for each subhaplogroup, as described in Table S9 supplementary materials) not proportional to the observed dimension of the haplotypes; they were added in order to better define the topology of the network as they represent the lineages defined until now.
Figure 12.
Reconstruction of a genealogic tree belonging to Wichí population.
Triangles and circles represent males and females; blue and pink labels represent NRY and mtDNA haplogroup classification. In red the case of ID398 and in orange her children on the basis of the self-reported identity. A case of intergenerational union is also reported (in green the same individual is shown).