Table 1.
Fungal strains used in this study.
Figure 1.
A–I. Conidiophore structures and conidia of NBRC 4281, the ex-type of A.luchuensis grown for 3 days on steamed rice.
Scale bars in all figure = 10 µm, except A = 100 µm.
Figure 2.
Comparison of RAPD patterns among Aspergillus luchuensis, A. acidus and A. kawachii.
Primers PELF (A) and URP1F (B) were used for RAPDs. Lane M, Size marker; 1, Extype of A. luchuensis (KACC 46772); 2, Extype of A. kawachii (KACC 46771); 3, A. kawachii (KACC 46516); 4, Extype of A. acidus (KACC 45131); 7, A. acidus (KACC 41731), 4–5 and 7–8, Aspergillus sp. (KACC 45132, 45133, 46420, 46490, respectively); 10, Type of A. niger (KACC 45072); 11, Type of A. tubingensis (KACC46805).
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic tree of Aspergillus luchuensis, A. acidus, A. kawachii, A. welwitschiae and related species in A. niger clade inferred from Neighbor-joining analysis of combined rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin data (A) and tree of Aspergillus section Nigri from partial calmodulin gene (B).
Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 replications.
Table 2.
Species assignment of isolates deposited in the National Research Institute Brewing (NRIB), CBS and IBT collections, mostly isolated from awamori or other oriental food fermentation processes.