Figure 1.
Three alternative phylogenetic relationships among butterfly families and subfamilies.
Based on Heikkilä et al. [27] and Kristensen et al. [26]. A) Alternative 1 cladogram, B) alternative 2 cladogram, C) traditional cladogram.
Figure 2.
Geographical and taxonomical representativeness of host plant association data.
Block height is proportional to the square root of the number of butterfly species among regions and subfamilies. Solid blocks represent the number of species with host plant records. Open blocks represent the number of species without host plant records. Grey: Papilionidae. Dark red: Heylidae. Red: Hesperiidae. Green: Pieridae. Orange: Nymphalidae. Blue: Lycaenidae. Black: Riodinidae.
Table 1.
Taxonomic representation of butterflies in the compilation.
Figure 3.
Graphical representation of the butterfly host plant association matrix.
The squares represent the proportion of butterfly species in each subfamily that feed on a plant order (zij). Only important resources are shown, colors denote values between 0.1< zij ≤0.5 (red), 0.5< zij ≤0.9 (blue), and zij>0.9 (black). The stars (*) denoted subfamilies with 15 or less species.
Table 2.
Host shift transition rates (+/− S.E.) among plant orders and non-plant resources for the three possible butterfly phylogenies.
Table 3.
Correlation between measures of host plant diversity with butterfly species richness.
Figure 4.
Congruence among plant (right) and butterfly (left) phylogenies.
Lines between the phylogenies indicate associations based on the interaction matrix of important links (X), black lines represent congruent links (p<0.05) according to the ParaFitLink2 test. Based on the alternative 1 cladogram.
Table 4.
Pearson’s product moment correlation between logarithm of butterfly richness and three measures of host plant diversity using raw data and phylogenetic independent contrasts.
Figure 5.
Likelihood of ancestral host plant in the butterfly phylogeny.
Blocks on the right represent the observed states for each subfamily, piecharts represents the scaled likelihood of each potential ancestral character at selected nodes in the phylogeny. Based on the alternative 1 cladogram.