Figure 1.
Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences of 36 members of the Chaetothyriales.
Phylogram inferred from the ML analysis with RAxML using the Gtrcat model of evolution. Taxa in bold refer to new combinations or new taxonomic treatments. The three evolutionary motifs identified in the 2D structure of ITS2 and unique for certain phylogenetic groups are mapped on the phylogram. The abbreviation (var) indicates certain motifs deviations.
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences of 20 members of the Chaetothyriales.
Phylogram inferred from the ML analysis with RAxML using the Gtrcat model of evolution. Taxa in bold refer to new combinations or new taxonomic treatments.
Figure 3.
Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the nuc28S-nuc18S-rpb2-mcm7 sequences of 45 members of the Chaetothyriales.
Phylogram inferred from the ML analysis with RAxML using the Gtrcat model of evolution. Taxa in bold refer to new combinations or new taxonomic treatments.
Figure 4.
Partial secondary structure of ITS1 rRNA molecule showing three helices (H1–H3).
A) Partial 2D structure of Phialophora verrucosa. All substitutions recorded among representatives of the Cyphellophoraceae, Herpotrichiellaceae and members of the Vonarxia-group are mapped on the 2D model. B) Partial 2D structure of Cyphellophora laciniata. Variability in the 2D structure among members of the Cyphellophoraceae and two other taxa, A. eugeniae and C. hylomeconis, segregated from Cyphellophora, is recorded on the 2D model. Abbreviations: HERP = Herpotrichiellaceae, CYPH = Cyphellophoraceae, VRXG = Vonarxia-group. Parts of hairpin loops highlighted with gray color represent regions with variable number of nucleotides. The legend to symbols and colors is included in Figure 6.
Figure 5.
Predicted secondary structure models of ITS1 rRNA.
A) The predicted ‘ring’ model of Phialophora verrucosa, the variable 3′-end is indicated. B) The predicted ‘ring’ models of 2D structure of ITS1 of representative species of the Cyphellophoraceae (C. laciniata), Herpotrichiellaceae (P. verrucosa), and Aphanophora and Camptophora (Vonarxia-group), are transformed into linear models with helices.
Figure 6.
Predicted secondary structure model of the ITS2 rRNA molecule of Phialophora verrucosa.
Five helices commonly found in the 2D structure in members of the Cyphellophoraceae and Herpotrichiellaceae are numbered H1–H3, H3A, H4. All substitutions recorded among representatives of these two families and members of the Vonarxia-group are mapped on the 2D model. Parts of hairpin loops highlighted with gray color represent regions with variable number of nucleotides.
Figure 7.
Predicted secondary structure model of the ITS2 rRNA molecule of Cyphellophora laciniata.
Substitutions that characterize Cyphellophoraceae and members of the Vonarxia-group are mapped on the 2D model. Parts of hairpin loops highlighted with gray color represent regions with variable number of nucleotides. The legend to symbols and colors is included in Figure 6.
Table 1.
A list of evolutionary motifs (M1–M3) recorded in the ITS2 molecule of members of the Chaetothyriales.
Figure 8.
Two species of Cyphellophora with nonseptate conidia in vitro.
A–G) Cyphellophora europaea: living culture (A), terminal or lateral phialides (B–F), and conidia (G). DIC, bar = 20 µm. CBS 101466 (ex-type). H–O) Cyphellophora olivacea: living culture with a detail of aerial mycelium (H, I), terminal and lateral phialides (J, L–N), intercalary phialides (K), and conidia (O). DIC, bar = 20 µm. CBS 122.74 (ex-type), CBS 123.74 (only O).
Figure 9.
Species Cyphellophora oxyspora with nonseptate conidia in vitro.
Living culture (A), phialides (B–D), and conidia (E). DIC, bar = 20 µm. CBS 698.73 (ex-type).
Figure 10.
Two species of Cyphellophora characterized by the presence of budding and germinating cells.
A–K) Cyphellophora reptans: living culture with a yeast-like appearance (A), lateral and terminal phialides (B, D, H), intercalary phialides (F), germinating cells (C, G, I), budding cells (J), and nonseptate conidia (K). DIC, bar = 20 µm. CBS 113.85 (ex-type, only A), CBS 458.92. L–R) Cyphellophora sessilis: Living culture with sparse aerial mycelium and a yeast-like appearance (L), budding cells (M, N), terminal and lateral phialides (O, Q), intercalary phialides (P), and conidia (R). DIC, bar = 20 µm. CBS 243.85 (ex-type).
Figure 11.
Key to species accepted in Cyphellophora.
Figure 12.
Aphanophora eugeniae, a foliicolous species with conidia forming long one-septate segments.
Living culture with a detail of aerial mycelium (A, B), seta that occurs rarely in culture (C), phialides with multiple loci within inconspicuous collarettes (arrow indicates the collarette, D–H), and conidia undergoing microcyclic conidiation (I). DIC (C–F, H, I), PC (G), bar = 20 µm (C), 10 µm (A, B, D–I). CBS 124105 (ex-type).
Figure 13.
Camptophora hylomeconis, a foliicolous species with sickle-shaped septate conidia.
Living culture with a detail of the center of the colony having a yeast-like appearance (A, B), intercalary phialides with conidia (C, D), a detail of conspicuous phialidic loci that can proliferate percurrently above the collarette (arrows indicate the proliferation, E–F), anastomosing conidia (I, J), and sickle-shaped or sigmoid septate conidia (K, L). DIC (D–F, H–K), PC (C, G, L), bar = 10 µm. CBS 113311 (ex-type).
Figure 14.
Exophiala eucalyptorum, a dematiaceous hyphomycete with rare hyphal growth in vitro.
Living culture with a detail of the colony with sparse aerial hyphae (A) and moist, cerebriform surface (B), hyphae from the margin of the colony with a phialidic opening in every cell (C, D), nonseptate conidia (F; 21 days), and germinating several-septate conidia (arrows indicate proliferating phialidic openings, E, G; 3 months). DIC, bar = 10 µm. CBS 121638 (ex-type), WUC 637 (only B, D).
Figure 15.
Vonarxia vagans, a foliicolous hyphomycete with blastic conidiogenesis.
Living culture with several conidiomata visible in the center of the colony (A) and a detail of the conidioma with conidia extending from the surface of the yellow gelatinous matrix (B), branched mycelium forming conidia at the tips (C). DIC, bar = 1 mm (B), 10 µm (C). CBS 123533 (ex-type).
Figure 16.
Morphological variability of Cyphellophora guyanensis.
A, B, H–O) the ex-type strain of Cyphellophora eucalypti: living culture with a detail of aerial mycelium (A, B), intercalary phialides (H, I, M, N), lateral and terminal cylindrical phialides (J–L), and septate, falcate conidia (O). DIC, bar = 10 µm. CBS 124764 (ex-type). C–G) the ex-type strain of Cyphellophora guyanensis: lateral flask-shaped phialides aggregated in groups on undifferentiated hyphae (C–F) and conidia (G). DIC, bar = 10 µm. MUCL 43737 (ex-type).