Table 1.
General characteristics of study participants by gender.
Table 2.
Distribution of each component of metabolic syndrome and serum liver enzyme level by gender.
Table 3.
Association of elevated liver enzyme levels with metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption and smoking status, Korea National Cancer Center Cohort.
Table 4.
Associations of metabolic profile and number of components of metabolic syndrome with elevated liver enzyme levels, Korean National Cancer Center Cohort (Overall).
Table 5.
Associations of metabolic profile and number of components of metabolic syndrome with elevated liver enzyme levels, Korean National Cancer Center Cohort (Men).
Table 6.
Associations of metabolic profile and number of components of metabolic syndrome with elevated liver enzyme levels, Korean National Cancer Center Cohort (Women).
Figure 1.
Supra-additive effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of liver enzyme levels.
NOTES: Model of alcohol consumption x metabolic syndrome was adjusted for age, gender, education level and smoking status. Model of alcohol consumption × cigarette smoking was adjusted for age, gender, level of education, alcohol consumption, and metabolic syndrome. (a) The combined risk of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was *AST: OR 6.42 (3.64–11.35), SI 2.37 (1.20–4.67); **ALT: OR 3.88 (2.00–7.55), SI 2.65 (0.80–8.76); ††GGT: OR 13.43 (8.35–21.60), SI 1.91 (1.17–3.13). The combined risk of moderate drinking (<24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was shown only for †GGT: OR 6.04 (3.68–9.94), SI 2.33 (1.24–4.41). (b) The combined risk of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and >20 pack years was *AST: OR 6.71 (3.85–11.69), SI 4.55 (3.12–6.61). For GGT, **moderate alcohol consumption (<24 g/day) and ≤20 pack years, OR 3.60 (2.38–5.43), SI 5.57 (1.63–19.06); †<24 g/day and >20 pack years, OR 4.50 (3.04–6.67), SI 5.12 (2.19–12.00); ††≥24 g/day and ≤20 pack years, OR 9.04 (5.85–13.99), SI 1.80 (1.57–2.06); ‡≥24 g/day and >20 pack years, OR 10.31 (7.13–14.89), SI 2.03 (1.75–2.35). AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; OR, odds ratio; SI, synergy index.