Figure 1.
Summary of the locations at which the species/strains were initially isolated.
A) Overlaid (locales denoted by white stars) on a global map of satellite sea surface temperature (°C, from World Ocean Atlas, [91]); B) Projected surface ocean temperature changes for the early and late 21st century relative to the period 1980–1999. The global average surface ocean temperature change is plotted against the relative probabilities of estimated global average warming from several different AOGCM and Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity. The data are for average projections for the B1, A1B, and A2 SRES scenarios. Plot is from IPCC AR4 [104].
Table 1.
The provenance, distribution and environmental relevance of each of species/strains used in this study.
Figure 2.
Thermal reaction norms for multiple strains of Thalassiosira rotula (left panel) Akashiwo sanguinea (central panel) and Thalassiosira pseudonana (right panel) used in our study.
Figure 3.
Thermal reaction norms for tropical to polar phytoplankton (single strains) used in our study.
Figure 4.
Thermal reaction norms for multiple strains of the tropical a) Trichodesmium erythraeum; b) Crocosphaera watsonii phytoplankton used in our study.
Table 2.
Number of strains measured, mean growth rate and coefficient of variation amongst strains for each species and temperature.
Table 3.
Statistical comparison of the bootstrapping results for each of the three thermal traits Temperature optima, Maximum growth rate and temperate niche width (w).
Table 4.
Boot-strapping results for the five species with multiple strains that we studies.
Figure 5.
A comparison of the thermal trait, niche width (°C) using box and whisker plots, between previously published studies (using a wide range of experimental protocols, see [43]) and the species/strains used in the present study.
The black bands denote the median value, the bottom and top of the red/blue boxes represent the 1st and 3rd quartile of the data respectively. The ‘whiskers’ extending from the boxes indicate the positions of the lowest & highest values in the data. If the sample size is small enough, the whiskers may not appear (e.g. if there are only 3 equally spaced points, the value represented as the 1st quartile is the lowest value).
Figure 6.
A comparison of the thermal trait, Topt (°C) (box and whisker plots), between previously published studies (using a wide range of experimental protocols, see [43]) and the species/strains used in the present study.
For details see Figure 5 caption.
Figure 7.
A comparison of the maximum specific growth rate (day
−1), using box and whisker plots, between previously published studies (using a wide range of experimental protocols, see [43]) and the species/strains used in the present study.
Table 5.
Summary of the environmental conditions used to culture phytoplankton species and strains in the present study.
Table 6.
A summary of projected increases in global sea surface temperature for 2020–2029 (relative to 1980 to 1999) and for 2090–2099 (relative to 1980 to 1999) from three IPCC scenarios [104]).
Figure 8.
Thermal reaction norms for the two end-members species from our study compared with predicted ocean warming trends.
Projected warming by 2020–2029 and 2090–2099 red bars (see Figure 1B) and temperature range (arrow) (from [91]), over the annual cycle is overlaid on the two reaction-norms (0.9 to 4.3°C for the polar diatom and 23.7 to 28.3°C for the Crocosphaera strains).