Figure 1.
Schematic plan of the St. Mary Magdalen hill dig site, looking north.
The north wall of the medieval chapel is in the foreground whilst the remains of the medieval infirmary can be seen to the north. The northern cemetery can be seen depicted in the centre of the plan and underlies most of the later medieval phases. Numbers on grave cuts identify individual skeletons examined in the present study.
Table 1.
Body position and grave type of the analysed skeletons (R = right, L = left).
Table 2.
Summary of osteological data from skeletons examined in the current study.
Table 3.
Previously unpublished primers used for screening and genotyping at centre one.
Figure 2.
Burial Sk2, showing rounding of the margins of the nasal aperture (1) and resorption of the anterior nasal spine (2).
Figure 3.
A. Thickening and porosity of the internal surface of the nasal aperure. B. Constriction and shortening of the roots (leprogenic odontodysplasia, see arrows) of the maxillary incisors due to active infection with M.leprae during dental development.
Figure 4.
Osteological lesions in burial Sk19.
A. Circumferential wasting of the shafts of the hand phalanges (1) (with complete resorption of the shafts of the proximal and medial phalanges of the fifth digit), (2), resorption of the ends of the digits (3), destruction of the joints (4), volar grooving of the proximal phalanges (5), and diffuse new bone on the shaft of the fifth metacarpal (6). B. Complete loss of the pedal phalanges, near complete destruction of the metatarsals (1) and fusion of the tarsals (2). C. Complete resorption of the anterior maxillary alveolar bone and palate (1), rounding of the margins of the nasal aperture (2) and porosity of the mandibular alveolar bone (3).
Figure 5.
Real-time PCR amplification profiles for cases Sk14, Sk15, Sk18 and Sk19 obtained using the RLEP PCR method with the intercalating dye EVAGreen.
Estimations were performed in duplicate. NTC (black symbols) = Non-template controls.
Table 4.
Real-time PCR data for M. leprae screening methods (RLEP & 18-kD) and for MTB complex DNA (IS1081).
Figure 6.
Automated DNA sequencing of the ML1527056 locus from A.Sk19. B.Reference strain NHDP63 and C.Sk14.
Table 5.
Summary of SNP genotyping data.
Table 6.
MLVA typing of M. leprae isolates recovered from Winchester leprosy cases.
Table 7.
Sex of leprosy cases determined by osteological and biomolecular methods.
Figure 7.
Fluorescence HPLC of PBA-PFB derivatives of total mycolic acids from Winchester leprosy cases.
A. Reverse phase HPLC of total mycolates. B. Normal phase HPLC of total mycolates collected from the reverse phase separation. Vertical arrows show the position of collected material, which gave a weak unknown profile on subsequent reverse phase HPLC.
Figure 8.
Reverse phase fluorescence HPLC of PBA-PFB derivatives of mycolate classes collected from the normal phase separation.
A. α-Mycolate fraction. B. Methoxymycolate fraction. C. Ketomycolate fraction. Peaks are labelled to indicate the numbers of carbons in the parent underivatised mycolic acids; for example, C80 is a free mycolic acid with 80 carbons overall.
Figure 9.
Dietary isotopes (d13C and d15N) and 87Sr/86Sr values for three leprous individuals.
Measurements for the dietary isotopes are in duplicate and on both femurs and ribs representing bones with slow (femur) and faster (rib) collagen turnover rates [54]. d13C and d15N values are consistent with the expected diet of a northern European terrestrial C3 diet, with perhaps a small marine component. Elevated d13C and d15N of the ribs over the femur samples for each individual suggests increased marine or freshwater resource consumption later in life. The Sr isotope analyses are on enamel (E) and also one on dentine (D) to represent the diagenetic Sr signal. Three faunal whole tooth Sr isotopic values (R1-R3) are included to estimate the ‘local’ Sr range as are published isotopic ranges for Southern England and the Winchester region. The three human enamel samples fall within the isotopic range for the Winchester region and are therefore consistent with a Southern England childhood origin for these individuals.
Table 8.
Sr, C and N isotopes for humans and fauna.